Table 4.

Adjusted RRs for E. coli contamination at the PoC and PoU in 23 MICS6 in low- and middle-income countries (full model including water supply types).

Variable	PoC $\ge 1$ E. coli CFUs/$100\mathrm{mL}$	PoC $>100$ E. coli CFUs/$100\mathrm{mL}$	PoU $\ge 1$ E. coli CFUs/$100\mathrm{mL}$	PoU $>100$ E. coli CFUs/$100\mathrm{mL}$
Main source of drinking water (Ref: unimproved)
Packaged water	0.74 (0.52, 1.04)	0.34 (0.20, 0.58)	0.89 (0.66, 1.21)	0.55 (0.32, 0.93)
Piped water	0.65 (0.55, 0.76)	0.34 (0.23, 0.51)	0.87 (0.82, 0.93)	0.63 (0.53, 0.75)
Boreholes/tube wells	0.59 (0.48, 0.72)	0.24 (0.16, 0.34)	0.95 (0.89, 1.01)	0.69 (0.61, 0.79)
Rainwater	1.13 (0.90, 1.42)	0.77 (0.59, 1.01)	1.14 (0.93, 1.39)	0.97 (0.77, 1.21)
Delivered water	0.87 (0.66, 1.16)	0.46 (0.31, 0.69)	1.16 (0.96, 1.40)	0.91 (0.70, 1.18)
Protected wells and springs	1.02 (0.95, 1.09)	0.82 (0.75, 0.91)	1.05 (1.00, 1.11)	0.92 (0.84, 1.00)
Accessibility and availability
Accessible	0.98 (0.92, 1.04)	1.02 (0.92, 1.13)	0.95 (0.91, 1.00)	0.96 (0.88, 1.04)
Available	0.94 (0.86, 1.02)	0.96 (0.89, 1.03)	0.95 (0.89, 1.01)	0.93 (0.88, 0.98)
Wealth quintile (Ref: poorest)
Second	0.94 (0.90, 0.99)	0.91 (0.88, 0.95)	0.93 (0.90, 0.97)	0.91 (0.84, 0.97)
Middle	0.89 (0.81, 0.99)	0.87 (0.81, 0.95)	0.89 (0.81, 0.97)	0.86 (0.77, 0.97)
Fourth	0.84 (0.73, 0.98)	0.76 (0.68, 0.86)	0.81 (0.71, 0.94)	0.77 (0.66, 0.88)
Richest	0.73 (0.56, 0.95)	0.68 (0.52, 0.89)	0.70 (0.55, 0.88)	0.66 (0.53, 0.84)
Other household and cluster-level characteristics
Education of household head	0.97 (0.93, 1.01)	0.94 (0.87, 1.01)	0.98 (0.96, 1.00)	0.93 (0.87, 0.99)
Sex of household head	0.98 (0.95, 1.01)	0.99 (0.93, 1.05)	1.00 (0.99, 1.02)	0.97 (0.93, 1.02)
Rural	1.17 (1.09, 1.26)	1.24 (1.07, 1.42)	1.10 (1.04, 1.16)	1.21 (1.10, 1.32)
Improved sanitation	1.03 (0.97, 1.09)	0.99 (0.93, 1.06)	1.04 (1.00, 1.07)	0.97 (0.93, 1.03)
Shared sanitation	1.00 (0.97, 1.03)	0.96 (0.91, 1.02)	1.02 (0.99, 1.05)	1.01 (0.97, 1.05)
$>75\%$ cluster improved sanitation	0.91 (0.85, 0.97)	0.82 (0.73, 0.92)	0.94 (0.90, 0.97)	0.90 (0.83, 0.97)
Any open defecation in cluster	0.95 (0.88, 1.03)	1.04 (0.94, 1.15)	0.98 (0.95, 1.02)	1.01 (0.89, 1.14)
Livestock ownership	1.10 (1.03, 1.18)	1.15 (1.03, 1.28)	1.08 (1.04, 1.13)	1.15 (1.07, 1.24)
Wet season	1.05 (0.96, 1.16)	1.13 (1.01, 1.25)	1.07 (1.01, 1.15)	1.24 (1.01, 1.51)
Handwashing	—	—	1.00 (0.97, 1.03)	1.00 (0.96, 1.04)
Water storage	—	—	0.91 (0.80, 1.04)	0.89 (0.77, 1.03)
Household water treatment	—	—	0.92 (0.83, 1.02)	0.91 (0.81, 1.03)
Natural floor	—	—	0.93 (0.87, 0.99)	0.97 (0.91, 1.05)
Observations	53,224	53,224	54,063	54,063

Note: Data are shown as exponentiated coefficients from modified Poisson regression with random intercepts for each country and 95% confidence intervals. Regression models were based on MICS6 and are unweighted. Country-specific models are included in Excel Tables S6 and S8. —, Not applicable; CFU, colony forming unit; E. coli, Escherichia coli; MICS6, sixth round of Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys; PoC, point of collection; PoU, point of use; Ref, reference; RR, risk ratio.