Table 2.
Differences in Biomechanical Outcomes for Usual-Paced (n PWH = 50, n SNP = 48), Fast (n PWH= 45, n SNP = 45) and DT (n PWH = 39, n SNP = 47) Walking
| Three-dimensional gait analysis outcome (time/space parameter or angle) | Usual-paced | Fast | Dual task | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted MD (95% CI) | PWH vs SNP | Adjusted MD (95% CI) | PWH vs SNP | Adjusted MD (95% CI) | PWH vs SNP | |
| Step length, cm | 1.3 (−0.4 to 3.0) | ↑ | 1.1 (−0.7 to 2.9) | ↑ | 2.0 (−0.1 to 4.1) | ↑ |
| Normalized step lengtha | 0.0 (−0.0 to 0.0) | ↑ | 0.0 (−0.0 to 0.0) | ↑ | 0.0 (−0.0 to 0.1) | ↑ |
| Stride length, cm | 2.4 (−1.0 to 5.8) | ↑ | 2.1 (−1.5 to 5.7) | ↑ | 4.5 (0.3 to 8.8) | ↑* |
| Normalized stride lengtha | 0.0 (−0.0 to 0.1) | ↑ | 0.0 (0.0 to 0.1) | ↑ | 0.1 (−0.0 to 0.1) | ↑ |
| Cadence, steps/min | −2.1 (−4.6 to 0.5) | ↓ | −2.7 (−5.8 to 0.3) | ↓ | −3.8 (−7.6 to 0.0) | ↓ |
| Normalized cadencea | −0.5 (−1.2 to 0.2) | ↓ | −0.8 (−1.6 to 0.1) | ↓ | −1.1 (−2.2 to 0.1) | ↓ |
| Stance time, ms | 20.0 (0.0 to 30.0) | ↑* | 10.0 (−0.0 to 30.0) | ↑ | 20.0 (0.0 to 50.0) | ↑ |
| Step time, ms | 20.0 (2.0 to 30.0) | ↑* | 10.0 (0.0 to 20.0) | ↑* | 190.0 (330.0 to 350.0)b | ↑*b |
| Single support time, ms | 10.0 (−0.0 to 30.0) | ↑ | 10.0 (0.0 to 20.0) | ↑ | 20.0 (0.0 to 40.0) | ↑ |
| Double support time, ms | 0.0 (−10.0 to 20.0) | ↑ | 10.0 (−10.0 to 20.0) | ↑ | 10.0 (10.0 to 30.0) | ↑ |
| Stance percentage, %GC | −0.1 (−0.7 to 0.5) | ↓ | −0.1 (−0.6 to 0.5) | ↓ | −0.3 (−1.1 to 0.5) | ↓ |
| Single support percentage, %GC | 0.2 (−0.5 to 1.0) | ↑ | 0.1 (−0.6 to 0.7) | ↑ | −0.1 (0.8 to 0.7) | ↓ |
| Double support percentage, %GC | 0.3 (−1.1 to 1.8) | ↓ | −0.1 (−1.1 to 0.9) | ↓ | −0.3 (−1.7 to 1.2) | ↓ |
| Gait speed, m/sb | −0.2 (−0.3 to −0.1) | ↓* | −0.1 (−0.2 to 0.0) | ↓ | −0.2 (0.3 to −0.1) | ↓* |
| Normalized gait speedb | −0.1 (−0.1 to −0.0) | ↓* | −0.0 (−0.1 to 0.0) | ↓ | −0.1 (−0.1 to −0.0) | ↓* |
| Pelvis tilt ROM, degrees | −0.3 (−1.4 to 0.7) | ↓ | 0.3 (−0.8 to 1.5) | ↑ | 0.1 (−0.9 to 1.1) | = |
| Peak pelvis anterior tilt, degrees | −0.2 (−2.0 to 1.7) | ↓ | 0.0 (−1.7 to 1.8) | = | 0.7 (−1.1 to 2.5) | ↑ |
| Pelvis obliquity ROM, degrees | −0.8 (−1.9 to 0.3) | ↓ | 0.4 (−0.9 to 1.6) | ↑ | −0.5 (−1.7 to 0.7) | ↓ |
| Pelvis rotation ROM, degrees | 0.5 (−1.2 to 2.3) | ↑ | 1.6 (−0.2 to 3.4) | ↑ | 1.3 (−1.1 to 3.6) | ↑ |
| Pelvis rotation at initial contact, degrees | 0.2 (−1.2 to 1.5) | ↑ | 0.8 (−0.7 to 2.4) | ↑ | 1.8 (0.3 to 3.3) | ↑* |
| Hip flexion ROM, degrees | 0.9 (0.6 to 2.3) | ↑ | 0.4 (−1.1 to 1.9) | ↑ | 2.4 (0.5 to 4.4) | ↑* |
| Hip flexion ROM during loading response, degrees | 0.2 (−0.9 to 1.4) | ↑ | 0.4 (−0.5 to 1.4) | ↑ | −0.4 (−1.6 to 0.8) | ↓ |
| Hip flexion ROM pre-swing; initial swing, degrees | 0.2 (−1.0 to 1.4) | ↑ | −0.4 (−1.4 to 0.6) | ↓ | −0.0 (−1.2 to 1.1) | = |
| Hip flexion at initial contact, degrees | 0.6 (−1.5 to 2.7) | ↑ | 0.1 (−1.9 to 2.1) | = | 2.8 (0.6 to 4.9) | ↑* |
| Peak hip flexion during swing, degrees | 0.00 | = | −0.4 (−2.3 to 1.5) | ↓ | 1.7 (−0.3 to 3.8) | ↑ |
| Peak hip extension during stance, degrees | 1.1 (−0.6 to 2.9) | ↑ | 1.1 (−1.4 to 3.6) | ↑ | 0.6 (−1.5 to 2.7) | ↑ |
| Hip abduction ROM during mid- stance, degrees | −0.2 (−1.0 to 0.6) | ↓ | −0.2 (−1.1 to 0.8) | ↓ | 0.7 (−0.1 to 1.5) | ↑ |
| Hip adduction ROM during loading response, degrees | −0.5 (−1.4 to 0.4) | ↓ | −0.3 (−1.2 to 0.6) | ↓ | −0.4 (−1.4 to 0.7) | ↓ |
| Hip internal rotation ROM, degrees | −0.7 (−2.5 to 1.2) | ↓ | 0.1 (−1.7 to 1.9) | = | −0.0 (−2.3 to 2.3) | = |
| Knee flexion ROM, degrees | −0.6 (2.4 to 1.2) | ↓ | 0.4 (−1.3 to 2.0) | ↑ | −2.9 (−5.1 to −0.6) | ↓* |
| Knee flexion ROM during stance, degrees | −0.3 (−2.0 to 1.3) | ↓ | −0.7 (−2.3 to 0.8) | ↓ | 0.8 (1.1 to 2.6) | ↑ |
| Knee flexion ROM from stance; swing, degrees | 0.24 (−1.6 to 2.1) | ↑ | 0.4 (−1.3 to 2.2) | ↑ | −2.3 (−4.6 to 0.0) | ↓ |
| Knee extension ROM from mid-stance; terminal stance, degrees | 0.9 (−0.9 to 2.7) | ↑ | 0.3 (1.6 to 2.2) | 0.737↑ | 2.3 (0.3 to 4.4) | ↑* |
| Knee flexion at initial contact, degrees | 1.5 (−0.9 to 4.0) | ↑ | −0.1 (−2.6 to 2.4) | 0.941↓ | 3.7 (1.0 to 6.5) | ↑* |
| Peak knee flexion during stance, degrees | 0.2 (−2.2 to 2.7) | ↑ | −1.5 (−3.7 to 0.7) | 0.169↓ | 0.1 (−2.8 to 3.0) | = |
| Peak knee extension during stance, degrees | −1.2 (−3.2 to 0.9) | ↑ | 0.8 (−0.9 to 2.6) | 0.357↓ | −3.2 (−5.5 to −0.9) | ↓* |
| Peak knee flexion during swing, degrees | 0.4 (−1.9 to 2.7) | ↑ | −0.8 (−2.9 to 1.2) | 0.426↓ | 0.1 (−2.7 to 2.9) | = |
| Ankle dorsiflexion ROM during stance, degrees | −0.9 (−2.3 to 0.5) | ↓ | −0.30 (−1.7 to 1.1) | 0.664↓ | −1.1 (−2.8 to 0.50) | ↓ |
| Ankle dorsiflexion ROM during swing, degrees | −1.5 (−3.7 to 0.6) | ↓ | −1.4 (−3.6 to 0.9) | 0.238↓ | −1.4 (−4.1 to 1.4) | ↓ |
| Ankle plantarflexion ROM, heel rise; toe-off (push off), degrees | −2.0 (−4.2 to 0.2) | ↓ | −1.3 (−3.5 to 0.8) | 0.219↓ | −1.9 (−4.6 to 0.9) | ↓ |
| Ankle dorsiflexion at initial contact, degrees | −0.1 (−1.5 to 1.2) | ↑ | −0.4 (−1.7 to 1.0) | 0.569↑ | 0.8 (−0.8 to 2.5) | ↓ |
| Ankle plantarflexion at toe-off, degrees | −0.9 (−3.4 to 1.6) | ↓ | −0.2 (−2.7 to 2.3) | 0.874↓ | −0.8 (−3.9 to 2.2) | ↓ |
| Peak ankle plantarflexion, degrees | −1.5 (−4.0 to 1.0) | ↓ | −0.4 (−3.0 to 2.2) | 0.748↓ | −1.9 (−5.0 to 1.2) | ↓ |
Arrows indicate the directional trend of the difference between PWH and SNP; asterisks indicate statistical significance at 5%.
Abbreviations: GC, gait cycle; MD, mean difference; ms, milliseconds; m/s, meters per seconds; PWH, people with HIV; ROM, range of motion; s, seconds; SNP, HIV-seronegative participants.
aSince normalized parameters are already scaled to leg length, multivariable models included absolute gait speed.
bGait speed (absolute and normalized) was only adjusted for sex and age in multivariable models.
cStandard error (SE) and associated CI were estimated with robust HC3 SE due to a significant Levene’s test (P =.02).