Figure 4.

Phylogeny of the 55 selected fossils from the genus Homo

The topology of the tree was inferred from a Bayesian tip-dating analysis in MrBayes 3.2²³ and summarized as the all-compatible tree. To reduce the polytomy at some clades, the strict consensus of the most parsimonious trees from the parsimony analysis in TNT¹³ was used as a reference. The branches in red indicate the backbone constraints based on the most parsimonious trees. Branch lengths are proportional to the division age in thousands of years. Numbers at the internal nodes are the median ages, and the blue bars indicate the 95% highest posterior density interval of the node ages. Color shadows indicate the monophyletic H. sapiens group, Neanderthal group and Harbin human group, and the paraphyletic H. heidelbergensis/H. rhodesiensis group and H. erectus group. A simplified phylogenetic relationship of the five groups is shown on the lower right. Human crania images are aligned to the Frankfurt horizontal plane. Scale bar, 50 mm (between the Turkana and Peking crania).