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HBV Life Cycle.
The HBV life cycle, including viral entry, cccDNA formation, transcription, replication, assembly, secretion, and dslDNA integration is shown. The red arrows indicate the routes of dslDNA integration from both the de-novo-infected nucleocapsids and the cytoplasm-produced nucleocapsids. The black dotted arrow indicates the formation of cccDNA-like molecules from dslDNA. See text for detailed description. ER, endoplasmic reticulum; MVB, multivesicular body.
