Table 2.
The results of stratified analyses for the modification effects on the association between PM pollution and dementia/MCI
| Factors | PM2.5 (ORs and 95%CIs)a,b |
PM10 (ORs and 95%CIs)a,b |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCI | Dementia | MCI | Dementia | |
| Age (years) | ||||
| <80 | 1.57 (1.29, 1.90) | 1.02 (0.69, 1.49) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02)∗∗ | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) |
| ≥80 | 1.51 (1.36, 1.67) | 1.28 (1.11, 1.47) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.12) | 1.13 (1.05, 1.22) |
| Years of education | ||||
| ≤9 | 1.62 (1.45, 1.81)∗ | 1.34 (1.14, 1.57) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.22) |
| >9 | 1.33 (1.15, 1.54) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.37) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.28) |
| Physical activities | ||||
| Yes | 1.54 (1.40, 1.69) | 1.37 (1.17, 1.61)∗∗ | 1.04 (0.99, 1.08) | 1.15 (1.06, 1.25) |
| No | 1.42 (1.08, 1.87) | 0.91 (0.70, 1.18) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.21) |
| Social activities | ||||
| Yes | 1.40 (1.22, 1.60) | 1.09 (0.85, 1.40) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.29) |
| No | 1.63 (1.45, 1.84) | 1.35 (1.15, 1.58) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.04) | 1.12 (1.03, 1.22) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Currentc | 1.47 (1.30, 1.66) | 1.07 (0.90, 1.28) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.16) |
| Formerc | 1.61 (1.39, 1.86) | 1.50 (1.20, 1.87)∗ | 1.08 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.19 (1.07, 1.34) |
| Never | 1.46 (1.07, 1.98) | 1.73 (0.98, 3.04) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.05) | 1.23 (0.93, 1.62) |
| Drinking | ||||
| Currentd | 1.62 (1.19, 2.19) | 1.66 (0.97, 2.86) | 1.09 (0.95, 1.26) | 1.31 (1.00, 1.71) |
| Formerd | 1.50 (1.26, 1.79) | 1.61 (1.18, 2.21)∗ | 1.08 (0.99, 1.18) | 1.53 (1.28, 1.84)∗∗ |
| Seldomd | 1.41 (1.14, 1.74) | 1.19 (0.88, 1.60) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.20) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.24) |
| Never | 1.58 (1.39, 1.80) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.32) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||
| Yes | 1.58 (1.34, 1.88) | 1.27 (0.99, 1.62) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.20) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.21) |
| No | 1.51 (1.36, 1.68) | 1.26 (1.07, 1.48) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 1.15 (1.06, 1.25) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 1.48 (1.33, 1.65) | 1.26 (1.08, 1.48) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14)∗ | 1.16 (1.07, 1.26) |
| No | 1.60 (1.35, 1.89) | 1.26 (0.97, 1.63) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.04) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||
| Yes | 1.50 (1.31, 1.71) | 1.42 (1.14, 1.76) | 1.19 (1.11, 1.28)∗∗ | 1.24 (1.10, 1.40)∗ |
| No | 1.53 (1.35, 1.72) | 1.15 (0.97, 1.37) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) |
| Cerebral infarction | ||||
| Yes | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33)∗∗ | 1.11 (0.90, 1.38) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.14) |
| No | 1.61 (1.46, 1.79) | 1.34 (1.13, 1.58) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) | 1.16 (1.07, 1.27) |
∗p < 0.05 in the two-sample test. ∗∗p < 0.01 in the two-sample test. Detailed results are shown in Table S3 in the supplemental information.
a
Fully adjusted models controlling age, education years, smoking, drinking, family history of dementia, and history of NCDs. In all models, city was modeled as random effect. ORs and 95% CIs were associated with per-10 μg/m3 increase in each pollutant.
b
The significance of difference in effect estimates between different subgroups was examined using a two-sample test.
c
The never-smoke group was set as the reference.
d
The never-drink group was set as the reference.