Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants in the ROADMAP study.
| Control group (n = 6,509) | Intervention group (n = 13,037) | |
|---|---|---|
| Region by economic development | ||
| Developed | 2,935 (45.1%) | 5,877 (45.1%) |
| Less developed | 3,574 (54.9%) | 7,160 (54.9%) |
| Locality | ||
| Urban | 3,262 (50.1%) | 6,500 (49.9%) |
| Rural | 3,247 (49.9%) | 6,537 (50.1%) |
| Demographics | ||
| Age (years) | 60.8 (8.4) | 60.4 (8.4) |
| Sex (male) | 2,613 (40.1%) | 5,447 (41.8%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 (3.6) | 25.7 (3.5) |
| Self-reported medical history and complications | ||
| Duration of diabetes (years), median (Q1, Q3) | 6.0 (3.0, 11.0) | 6.0 (3.0, 10.0) |
| Hypertension | 3,448 (53.0%) | 6,685 (51.3%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 2,158 (33.2%) | 4,376 (33.6%) |
| Any diabetic complication* | 2,089 (32.1%) | 4,273 (32.8%) |
| Current smoker | 1,105 (17.0%) | 2,360 (18.1%) |
| Self-reported examinations (times/person/year) † | ||
| Weight | 4.5 (20.7) | 4.0 (18.7) |
| BP | 21.0 (51.0) | 20.6 (51.8) |
| FBG | 21.4 (39.7) | 21.1 (40.1) |
| Postprandial blood glucose | 10.6 (29.4) | 10.5 (30.1) |
| HbA1c | 0.8 (1.3) | 0.8 (1.3) |
| Blood lipid | 1.0 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.1) |
| Foot: pulsation of the dorsal artery | 0.6 (1.4) | 0.6 (1.3) |
| Neurological examination | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.2 (0.6) |
| Lab characteristics | ||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.83 (1.91) | 7.89 (1.93) |
| HbA1c <7% | 2,475 (38.0%) | 4,818 (37.0%) |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 8.57 (3.38) | 8.71 (3.49) |
| FBG <7.0 mmol/L | 2,496 (38.4%) | 4,749 (36.4%) |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 137.1 (21.2) | 136.9 (20. 8) |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 79.7 (12.2) | 79.8 (12.1) |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.83 (0.91) | 2.84 (0.91) |
| LDL-C <2.6 mmol/L | 2,708 (41.8%) | 5,351 (41.1%) |
| Serum creatinine (umol/L), median (Q1, Q3) | 65.2 (54.5, 79.4) | 66.0 (55.0, 80.0) |
Notes: Data are mean (SD) or n (%), unless otherwise specified. Apart from sex, age, and HbA1c level, data were missing for some individuals.
* Any diabetic complication is defined as presence of any diagnosed diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, carotid artery disease, lower extremity artery disease, diabetic foot damage, coronary stenosis, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, cerebral infarction, or cerebral hemorrhage.
‡ Self-reported examination data were based on all available sources including tests and measurements conducted at home, primary care clinics, and hospitals.
BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ROADMAP, Road to Hierarchical Diabetes Management at Primary Care Settings in China; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.