|
Demographical and Clinical characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
| Mean age, years (SD) |
59 (17.2) |
56 (18.1) |
60 (16.4) |
0.18 |
| Male gender, n (%) |
93 (70%) |
36 (69%) |
57 (70%) |
1 |
| Community-acquired infection, n (%) |
116 (87%) |
49 (94%) |
67 (83%) |
0.06 |
| Delay symptoms-admission, days (IQR) |
7 (3–15) |
9 (4–15) |
7 (3–15) |
0.06 |
| Smoker, n (%) |
81 (61%) |
30 (58%) |
51 (64%) |
0.59 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) |
8 (6%) |
3 (6%) |
5 (7%) |
1 |
| Heart disease, n (%) |
21 (16%) |
7 (13%) |
14 (17%) |
0.63 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) |
22 (17%) |
6 (12%) |
16 (20%) |
0.24 |
| Immunodepression, n (%) |
16 (12%) |
3 (6%) |
13 (16%) |
0.10 |
| Alcohol abuse, n (%) |
46 (27%) |
15 (29%) |
21 (27%) |
0.84 |
| Malignancy, n (%) |
32 (24%) |
7 (13%) |
25 (31%) |
0.02 |
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) |
13 (10%) |
5 (10%) |
8 (10%) |
1 |
| Neurological impairment, n (%) |
31 (23%) |
19 (37%) |
12 (15%) |
0.01 |
| Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, n (%) |
31 (23%) |
10 (19%) |
21 (30%) |
0.21 |
| Corticosteroids, n (%) |
11 (8%) |
5 (10%) |
6 (8%) |
0.75 |
| Antibiotics initiated before thoracentesis, n (%) |
59 (44%) |
23 (44%) |
36 (46%) |
1 |
|
Radiological data
|
|
|
|
|
| Right side location, n (%) |
79 (59%) |
33 (63%) |
46 (57%) |
0.47 |
| Large effusion (> 1/2 thorax), n (%) |
57 (43%) |
32 (62%) |
25 (31%) |
0.01 |
| Abundance score (IQR) |
3 (3–4) |
4 (3–4) |
3 (3–3) |
0.004 |
| Bilateral effusion, n (%) |
10 (8%) |
2 (4%) |
8 (10%) |
0.31 |
| Mediastinal shift, n (%) |
30 (23%) |
13 (25%) |
17 (21%) |
0.83 |
| Loculations, n (%) |
97 (73%) |
31 (60%) |
66 (90%) |
0.002 |
|
Index of diseases severity
|
|
|
|
|
| Respiratory failure, n (%) |
40 (30%) |
7 (13%) |
33 (41%) |
< 0.001 |
| Severe sepsis, n (%) |
22 (17%) |
3 (6%) |
19 (23%) |
0.008 |
| Urea, mmol/L (IQR) |
6.0 (3.7–8.5) |
5.0 (3.35–7.7) |
6.0 (4–9.3) |
0.11 |
| Albumin, g/L (IQR) |
25 (22–31) |
22.0 (21.4–23.1) |
27 (24.2–32) |
<0.001 |
| RAPID-score |
|
|
|
|
| Low risk, n (%) |
57 (43%) |
26 (50%) |
31 (38%) |
0.21 |
| Medium risk, n (%) |
57 (43%) |
18 (35%) |
39 (48%) |
0.15 |
| High risk, n (%) |
19 (14%) |
8 (15%) |
11 (14%) |
0.80 |
|
Pleural fluid analysis
|
|
|
|
|
| Frank pus (empyema), n (%) |
83 (62%) |
34 (65%) |
49 (60%) |
0.59 |
| Protein, g/L (IQR) |
45 (39.9–49.4) |
46 (42–49) |
44 (38.9–49.3) |
0.44 |
| LDH, IU/L (IQR) |
2290 (880–9772) |
4141 (1498–17229) |
1417 (720.5–5700) |
0.003 |
| pH * (IQR) |
7.6 (7–8) |
7.2 (7.0–7.5) |
7.5 (7.5–8) |
0.002 |
| Glucose level, mmol/L (IQR) |
1 (0.1–4.1) |
1 (0.1–4.1) |
1 (0.1–3.9) |
0.92 |
| Micro-organisms observed on Gram staining, n (%) |
53 (40%) |
25 (48%) |
28 (35%) |
0.15 |
| Positive culture, n (%) |
56 (42%) |
21 (40%) |
35 (43%) |
0.86 |
|
Microbiological characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
| Positive blood culture, n (%) |
18 (14%) |
3 (6%) |
15 (20%) |
0.04 |
| Positive pneumococcal urine antigen, n (%) |
15 (10%) |
5 (10%) |
8 (10%) |
1 |
|
Identified bacteria
|
|
|
|
|
| Anaerobic bacteria, n (%) |
22 (17%) |
10 (19%) |
12 (14%) |
0.63 |
|
Streptococcus milleri, n (%) |
22 (17%) |
8 (15%) |
14 (17%) |
0.82 |
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae, n (%) |
28 (21%) |
9 (17%) |
19 (23%) |
0.51 |
| Other Streptococcus sp., n (%) |
12 (9%) |
5 (10%) |
7 (9%) |
1 |
|
Staphylococcus aureus, n (%) |
2 (2%) |
1 (2%) |
1 (1%) |
1 |
| Gram-negative bacteria, n (%) |
30 (23%) |
11 (21%) |
19 (24%) |
0.83 |
|
P. aeruginosa, n (%) |
3 (2%) |
1 (2%) |
2 (3%) |
1 |
|
Enterobacteriaceae, n (%) |
11 (8%) |
1 (2%) |
9 (11%) |
0.09 |
