Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants
| Variables | Total | Control | Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 240 | 120 | 120 |
| Demographics | |||
| Age, yr | 47±12 | 47±13 | 46±11 |
| Men, N (%) | 131 (55) | 67 (56) | 64 (53) |
| Current smoking, N (%) | 39 (16) | 21 (18) | 18 (15) |
| Current alcohol drinking, N (%) | 14 (6) | 9 (8) | 5 (4) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension, N (%) | 151 (63) | 78 (65) | 73 (61) |
| Cardiovascular disease, N (%) | 14 (6) | 6 (5) | 8 (7) |
| Dialysis vintage, mo | 43 (23–76) | 43 (20–71) | 47 (24–87) |
| Kt/Va | 1.39±0.35 | 1.34±0.32 | 1.44±0.36 |
| Phase angle, °b | 6.1±1.1 | 6.1±1.0 | 6.1±1.1 |
| Physical examination | |||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 20.5±2.8 | 20.9±3 | 20.0±2.5 |
| Handgrip strength, kg | 29±11 | 29±10 | 29±11 |
| Midarm muscle circumference, cm | 23±3 | 23±3 | 23±3 |
| Laboratory variables | |||
| Albumin, g/dl | 4.0±0.3 | 4.1±0.3 | 4.0±0.3 |
| Prealbumin, mg/dl | 35±12 | 35±12 | 35±12 |
| Transferrin, mg/dl | 172±42 | 175±45 | 169±38 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dl | 160±127 | 153±117 | 167±136 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 160±38 | 161±41 | 159±34 |
| HDL, mg/dl | 40±11 | 40±10 | 40±11 |
| LDL, mg/dl | 92±29 | 93±31 | 91±27 |
| BUN, mg/dl | 74±19 | 74±18 | 75±19 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 11.1±1.7 | 11.2±1.6 | 11.0±1.7 |
| Phosphate, mg/dl | 6.9±2.1 | 6.7±2.3 | 7.0±1.9 |
| CRP, mg/dl | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) |
| White blood cell, 103/μl | 6.1±1.6 | 6.1±1.7 | 6.1±1.6 |
| Dietary parameters | |||
| Dietary energy intake, kcal/IBW per d | 21.5±4.9 | 20.9±4.9 | 22.1±4.9 |
| Dietary protein intake, g/IBW per d | 0.9±0.3 | 0.8±0.3 | 0.9±0.3 |
Continuous variables are presented as mean (SD) or median (interquartile range); categorical variables are presented as number (percentage). BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; IBW, ideal body weight.
a
Kt shows effective urea clearance and duration of dialysis, and V represents the volume of distribution of urea in the body calculated as Kt/V=−ln(post-BUN/pre-BUN–0.008×t)+(4–3.5×post-BUN/pre-BUN) × UF/postweight, where t is effective dialysis time and UF is ultrafiltration.
b
In healthy individuals, the phase angle is usually between 5° and 7°.