Table 5. Discrete choice analysis results.
| Decision | Main model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categorical | Linearized | WTP (SE)* | ||
| Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | US Dollars | ||
| Label (do take antibiotics =1) | -0.48 (0.10) | -0.39 (0.08) | -65 (16.2) | |
| Symptoms or pain/ discomfort | Some symptoms and mild pain | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.06) | 12 (9.5) |
| (Omitted: Only mild symptoms and no pain) | Clear symptoms and moderate pain | -0.01 (0.06) | -0.02 (0.06) | -3 (9.4) |
| Severe symptoms and pain | 0.001 (0.06) | -0.01 (0.06) | -2 (9.4) | |
| Who offered the advice? | You | 0.26 (0.08) | 0.26 (0.08) | 43 (14.2) |
| (Omitted: Website) | Family member or friend | 0.29 (0.08) | 0.28 (0.08) | 47 (14.3) |
| Doctor | 1.00 (0.08) | 1.01 (0.08) | 168 (23.3) | |
| Nurse in person | 0.53 (0.08) | 0.52 (0.08) | 87 (16.1) | |
| Nurse on the phone | 0.24 (0.09) | 0.24 (0.09) | 40 (15.0) | |
| Non-professional pharmacy worker | 0.39 (0.08) | 0.37 (0.08) | 62 (14.9) | |
| Where do the antibiotics come from? | Your leftovers | 0.25 (0.10) | 0.21 (0.10) | 35 (17.9) |
| (Omitted; Online) | Relative’s leftovers | 0.14 (0.10) | 0.12 (0.10) | 20 (16.6) |
| Friend’s leftovers | 0.09 (0.10) | 0.09 (0.10) | 15 (16.2) | |
| Non-authorized store | 0.07 (0.10) | 0.06 (0.10) | 10 (16.3) | |
| Pharmacy | 0.38 (0.10) | 0.36 (0.10) | 60 (18.2) | |
| How long you have to wait until you get the advice and antibiotics (if any) | 1 day | 0.01 (0.06) | - | - |
| (Omitted: Same day) | 4 days | -0.07 (0.06) | - | - |
| 7 days | -0.14 (0.06) | - | - | |
| 14 days | -0.22 (0.06) | - | - | |
| Linear | - | -0.02 (0.001) | -47 (5.4)* (14 days) | |
| Time away from your daily activities to get the advice and antibiotics (if any) | 1 hour | -0.01 (0.05) | - | - |
| (Omitted: 5 minutes) | 4 hours | -0.01 (0.06) | - | - |
| 10 hours | -0.09 (0.06) | - | - | |
| Linear | - | -0.0001 (0.00008) | -2 (0.01)* (2 hours) | |
| The total cost to you to get the advice and antibiotics (if any) | 5000 COP | 0.11 (0.07) | - | - |
| (Omitted; 0 Colombian pesos) | 15,000 COP | 0.13 (0.07) | - | - |
| 50,000 COP | 0.11 (0.07) | - | - | |
| 150,000 COP | -0.24 (0.07) | - | - | |
| 250,000 COP | -0.44 (0.07) | - | - | |
| Linear | - | -0.002 (0.0002) | 1 (0) | |
| Chance of getting better | Medium (50%) | 0.24 (0.05) | - | - |
| (Omitted: Low chance 10%) | High (90%) | 0.43 (0.05) | - | - |
| Linear | - | 0.01 (0.0005) | 150 (17.4)* (90% chance) | |
| Risk of serious adverse events, including resistance | Low risk (10%) | 0.03 (0.07) | - | - |
| (Omitted: No risk) | Medium (50%) | -0.15 (0.08) | - | - |
| High (90%) | -0.42 (0.08) | - | - | |
| Linear | - | -0.005 (0.0008) | -8 (1.0)* (10% chance) | |
| Community resistance risk (%) | Low risk (10%) | -0.01 (0.08) | - | - |
| (Omitted: No risk) | Medium (50%) | -0.08 (0.08) | - | - |
| High (90%) | -0.40 (0.08) | - | - | |
| Linear | -0.004 (0.0007) | -7 (0.8)* (10% chance) | ||
| /tau | -0.16 (0.26) | - | ||
| Number of observations | 10,644 | 10,644 | ||
| Wald test probability (>CHI2) | 0 | 0 | ||
| Degrees of freedom | 35 | 21 | ||
| Log likelihood | -3495.21 | -3502.44 | ||
Notes: Bold p<0.05 SE: standard error; CHI2: Chi-square distribution
*
Willingness to pay. Report WTP estimates for the linearized variables use the most common responses reported by the participants in the post-survey questionnaire: 14 days wait until receive advice; 2 hours required to obtain antibiotics, a 90% chance of getting better, and a 10% chance of risk of adverse events and resistance to you and the community.