Table 1.
Demographic, anthropometric and clinical outcome variables.
| Rapid growth at 12 months analysis | Overweight/obesity at early childhood analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 391) | Missing | p value | (n = 272) | Missing | p value | |
| Cohort | ||||||
| RHEA | 100 (25.6%) | 97 (35.7%) | ||||
| ENVIRONAGE | 109 (27.9%) | - b | ||||
| Piccolipiu | 95 (24.3%) | 79 (29.0%) | ||||
| INMA | 87 (22.3%) | 96 (35.3%) | ||||
| Gender | 0 (0%) | 0.910 | 0 (0%) | 0.801 | ||
| Male | 204 (52.2%) | 145 (53.3%) | ||||
| Female | 187 (47.8%) | 127 (46.7%) | ||||
| Birthweight (grams) | 0 (0%) | 3.34E-15 | 0 (0%) | 0.191 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 3295 (445) | 3265 (412) | ||||
| Maternal parity before this pregnancy | 3 (0.8%) | 3 (1.1%) | ||||
| Nulliparous | 182 (46.5%) | 0.043 | 114 (41.9%) | 0.113 | ||
| Uniparous | 169 (43.2%) | 0.417 | 120 (44.1%) | 0.170 | ||
| Multiparous | 37 (9.5%) | 35 (12.9%) | ||||
| Maternal active smoking | 1 (0.3%) | 0.608 | 2 (0.7%) | 0.045 | ||
| No | 324 (82.9%) | 216 (79.4%) | ||||
| Yes | 66 (16.8%) | 54 (19.9%) | ||||
| Maternal passive smoking | 8 (2.0%) | 0.153 | 6 (2.2%) | 7.10E-05 | ||
| No | 233 (59.6%) | 123 (45.2%) | ||||
| Yes | 150 (38.4%) | 142 (52.2%) | ||||
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.392 | 1 (0.4%) | 7.93E-04 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 23.9 (4.58) | 23.7 (4.51) | ||||
| Maternal weight gain (kilograms) | 12 (3.1%) | 0.021 | 11 (4.0%) | 0.090 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 13.6 (5.16) | 13.3 (5.09) | ||||
| Delivery | 1 (0.3%) | 0.040 | 1 (0.3%) | 0.353 | ||
| Vaginal | 284 (72.6%) | 170 (62.5%) | ||||
| Caesarean | 106 (27.1%) | 101 (37.1%) | ||||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 0 (0%) | 6.73E-11 | 0 (0%) | 0.054 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 39.2 (1.61) | 39.3 (1.56) | ||||
| Mother born in cohort country | 0 (0%) | 0.930 | 1 (0.3%) | 0.483 | ||
| No | 35 (9.0%) | 13 (4.8%) | ||||
| Yes | 354 (90.5%) | 259 (95.2%) | ||||
| Father’s education | 13 (3.3%) | 3 (1.1%) | ||||
| Primary school | 70 (17.9%) | 0.296 | 58 (21.3%) | 0.202 | ||
| Secondary school | 189 (48.3%) | 0.282 | 138 (50.7%) | 0.019 | ||
| University or higher | 119 (30.4%) | 73 (26.8%) | ||||
| Paternal BMI (kg/m2) | 7 (1.8%) | 0.139 | 3 (1.1%) | 1.09E-04 | ||
| Mean (SD) | 25.8 (3.46) | 26.0 (3.62) | ||||
| Rapid growth | 0 (0%) | 12 (4.4%) | 1.13E-03 | |||
| No | 280 (71.1%) | 168 (61.8%) | ||||
| Yes | 114 (28.9.0%) | 92 (33.8%) | ||||
| Overweight/obesity in childhoodc | - | 0 (0%) | ||||
| No | - | 224 (82.4%) | ||||
| Yes | 48 (17.6%) | |||||
| Age at childhood BMI measurement (years) | - | - | 0 (0%) | |||
| Mean (SD) | - | - | 5.43 (1.00) | |||
Values are given in mean (standard deviation, SD) or percent (%).
ap value for association with rapid growth at 12 months of age and overweight in early childhood calculated from logistic regression.
bENVIRONAGE was not included in the analysis of overweight in childhood as follow-up assessment was only available until 2 years.
CThe classification for healthy and overweight was based on WHO sex-adjusted and age-adjusted BMI z scores.