Table 1.

PICO tool for guiding the search strategy.

P (Problem or patient or population)	Substance use, substance use disorder, drug abuse and dependence (including alcohol, cannabis, opioids, cocaine and amphetamines, but excluding tobacco and nicotine) among general populations of adult human participants.
I (Intervention/indicator or exposure)	Exposure to or living in countries affected by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) or the impact of associated public health measures including lockdown, social distancing and stay-at-home orders.
C (Comparison)	Before the pandemic; to another population that did not experience the pandemic event; groups within a population; or no comparison.
O (Outcome of interest)	Changes substance use service need as identified by changes in prevalence, incidence, or severity of substance use and substance use disorders.