Table 1.
Chronological transition and major One Health initiatives⁎
| S No. | Contributor(s)/ Organization(s)/Event(s) & timeline(s) | Contributions to One Health advancement |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hippocrates (460–370 BCE) | Recognized the role of environmental factors and impact on human healtha. |
| 2 | Rudolf Virchow & William Osler (1821–1902) | Recognized the link between animal and human medicine, and coined the name ‘zoonosis’ b. |
| 3 | James Steele (1947) | Veterinarian who was trained in public health who founded the Veterinary Public Health Division at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in Atlanta, in 1947. His works contributed significantly to the understanding of the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases b. |
| 4 | Calvin Schwabe (1927–2006) | A veterinarian trained in public health, coined the term One Medicine in a veterinary medical textbook in 1964 b. |
| 5 | Wildlife Conservation Society (2004) | The twelve Manhattan Principles were created in Rockefeller University, New York. They showed the links between humans, animals, and the environment. Also showed how these integrate understanding disease dynamics, and the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to prevention, education, investment, and policy development c |
| 6 | American Veterinary Medical Association (2006) | Established One Health Initiative Task Force d. |
| 7 | American Medical Association (2007) | Passed a One Health resolution to promote partnering between veterinary and human medical organizations. Recommended One Health approach for responses to global disease outbreaks e. |
| 8 | International Ministerial Conference on Avian and Pandemic Influenza (2007) | Developed the One Health concept and strengthened linkages between the human and animal health systems especially for the pandemic preparedness and human security, New Delhi e. |
| 9 | International Ministerial Conference on Avian and Pandemic Influenza in Egypt (2008) | Development of a framework titled ‘Contributing to One World, One Health-A Strategic Framework for Reducing Risks of Infectious Diseases at the Animal-Human-Ecosystems Interface’, with key recommendations for One Health approach to global health e,f. |
| 10 | International Ministerial Conference on Avian and Pandemic Influenza (2008) | Adoption of the developed framework on ‘Contributing to One World, One Health-A Strategic Framework for Reducing Risks of Infectious Diseases at the Animal-Human-Ecosystems Interface’ at Sharm El Sheik g. |
| 11 | FAO/OIE/WHO/UNSIC/ UNICEF/WB (2008) | Development of the implementable policies on One Health finalized in 2010 at the Stone Mountain, Georgia e. |
| 12 | Centers for Disease Prevention and CDC (2009) | Establishment of a One Health Office to serve as a point of contact for external animal health organizations which would aim at procuring external funding. The office has since expanded its role to support public health, facilitate data exchange, implement zoonotic disease prioritization and enhance cross-disciplinary research across sectors |
| 13 | USAID (2009) | Launching of the Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) program to ensure a coordinated comprehensive international effort to prevent, detect and respond to emergence of animal-origin diseases that could threaten human health. |
| 14 | Public Health Agency of Canada (2009) | Held One World, One Health Expert Consultation meeting, Winnipeg, Canada |
| 15 | International Ministerial Conference on Avian and Pandemic Influenza (2010) | Expansion of the above jointly-developed framework the organizations involved also developed implementable policies on One Health and the development of six workshops |
| 16 | International Ministerial Conference on Avian and Pandemic Influenza (2010) | Adoption of the Hanoi Declaration (focused attention at the animal-human-ecosystem interface), Hanoi, Vietnam |
| 17 | WB and UN (2010) | Joint release of the ‘Fifth Global Progress Report on Animal and Pandemic Influenza’ |
| 18 | EU (2011) | Published a report on ‘Outcome and Impact Assessment of the Global Response to the Avian Influenza Crises: 2005–2010’ h. |
| 19 | 1st international One Health Congress (IOHC) (2011) | Meeting was held in Melbourne, Australia e,i. |
| 20 | The International Congress on Pathogens at the Human-Animal Interface (ICOPHAI) (2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019) | To address important challenges and needs for capacity building in the field of One Health, an inaugural ICOPHAI congress was held at the United Nations Conference Center (UNCC) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2011, followed by the 2nd in Porto de Galinhas, Brazil (2013), 3rd in Chiang-Mai, Thailand (2015) and 4th in Doha, Qatar (2017) and the 5th conference was held in Quebec, Canada. |
| 21 | 1st One Health Conference in Africa (2011) | Meeting was held in Johannesburg, South Africa e,i. |
| 22 | High-Level Tripartite Technical meeting (2011) | Considered the Tripartite Concept Note and addressed health risks that occurred in the different geographic regions using three selected diseases and issue (rabies, influenza and antimicrobial resistance) as points of departure to build political will and engage Health Ministers on issues of One Health |
| 23 | Global Risk Forum - One Health Summit (2012) | A policy and economic forum to advocate for One Health – One Planet – One Future j. |
| 24 | Zoobiquity publication and Conferences (2012) | Published a book on the connection between human and animal health and, later, in reference to many interdisciplinary issues on humans and animals, followed by conferences held globally k. |
| 25 | 2nd IOHC in collaboration with WHO/FAO/OIE (2013) | Meeting was held in Bangkok, Thailand g. |
| 26 | International Conference on One Health (Africa) | Funded by USAID, OHCEA organized three meetings in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (1st) and Kampala in Uganda (2nd and 3rd) from 2013 to 2019. |
| 27 | International One Health Day | Set up in 2016 and held every November 3rd l. |
| 28 | 3rd IOHC (2015) | Meeting was held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. |
| 29 | 4th IOHC (2016) | Meeting was held in Melbourne, Australia |
| 30 | 5th IOHC (2018) | Meeting was held in Saskatoon, Canada |
| 31 | 6th World OHC (2020) | Meeting will be held in Edinburgh, UK m. |
⁎
Note that the list is not exclusive as many One Health-related events are happening that may not have been formally captured.
a
Bresalier et al., 2015.
b
CDC, 2016b.
c
29 September 2004 Symposium. www.oneworldonehealth.org.
d
AVMA, 2018.
e
Gibbs, 2014.
f
FAO/OIE/WHO/UNSIC/UNICEF/WB, 2008.
g
Killewo, 2019.
h
European Union, 2011.
i
Mackenzie & Jeggo, 2011.
j
GRF, 2020.
k
Natterson-Horowitz & Bowers, 2012.
l
OHC, 2020.
m
Osterhaus et al., 2020; https://icophai.org/about-icophai.