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. 2021 Jul 29;49(9):2606–2621. doi: 10.1007/s10439-021-02829-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic diagram of the study design, showing how imaging data contribute to define vessel geometry, hemodynamic variables, and wall thickness measurements. CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography, IVUS: intravascular ultrasound, WT: wall thickness, WSS: wall shear stress, LNH local normalized helicity indicating right-handed (rh) and left-handed (lh) helical blood structures, TAWSS time-average wall shear stress, TSVI topological shear variation index, DIV_WSS divergence of the normalized WSS vector field.