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. 2021 Mar 25;49(9):2260–2272. doi: 10.1007/s10439-021-02757-4

Table 1.

Estimated mean (Est. mean) and Standard error (SE) estimated from the linear mixed models.

T(Pre-Imp-Onset)(ms) EMG(Pre-Imp-Onset)(%MVC) T(Pre-Imp-Max)(ms)
Est. mean SE Est. mean SE Est. mean SE
F_Stat (P_Val) 342.5 (< 0.001) 49.6 (< 0.001) 152.7 (< 0.001)
Startle (Int.) 58.7 19.7 37.6 3.0 394.3 23.4
Non-Directional 539.6 19.8 25.5 2.7 791.6 24.6
Directional 483.4 17.2 16.1 2.3 747.5 21.3

Time of the muscle onset, T(Pre-Imp-Onset), and time, T(Pre-Imp-Max), and amplitude, EMG(Pre-Imp-Max), of the max muscle activation due to the warning are reported in the columns