Table 2.
Estimated mean (Est. mean) and Standard Errors (SE) derived from the linear mixed model with the F_statistics (F_Stats) of the model and the corresponding p value.
| EMG amplitude at Imp onset EMG(Imp) (%MVC) |
Post-impact Max EMG T(Post-Imp-Max) (ms) |
Post-impact Max EMG EMG(Post-Imp-Max) (%MVC) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retraction muscles | Rebound muscles | Retraction muscles | Rebound muscles | Retraction muscles | Rebound muscles | |||||||
| Est. mean | SE | Est. mean | SE | Est. mean | SE | Est. mean | SE | Est. mean | SE | Est. mean | SE | |
| Sag. Ext. (N = 94) | ||||||||||||
| F_Stat (P_vale) | 44.9 (< 0.001) | 35.8 (< 0.001) | 15.4 (< 0.001) | 8.9 (< 0.001) | 2.6 (0.056) | 7.8 (< 0.001) | ||||||
| Unwarned (Int.) | 0.0 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 4.3 | 183.8 | 7.2 | 205.4 | 10.3 | 50.2 | 4.1 | 53.6 | 10.3 |
| Startle | 26.3 | 3.9 | 45.9 | 5.8 | 106.1 | 16.1 | 106.8 | 23.7 | 53.8 | 5.1 | 71.4 | 5.9 |
| Non-directional | 28.0 | 2.8 | 34.2 | 4.0 | 139.7 | 11.5 | 159.5 | 16.3 | 57.2 | 3.6 | 69.7 | 4.0 |
| Directional | 19.9 | 2.3 | 27.6 | 3.3 | 126.3 | 9.4 | 148.9 | 13.5 | 48.0 | 3.0 | 56.1 | 3.3 |
| Sag. Flex. (N = 79) | ||||||||||||
| F_Stat | 43.1 (< 0.001) | 27.5 (< 0.001) | 5.1 (0.003) | 5.3 (0.002) | 6.7 (< 0.001) | 7.5 (< 0.001) | ||||||
| Unwarned (Int.) | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 181.6 | 10.2 | 197.5 | 11.9 | 44.7 | 9.4 | 23.4 | 4.3 |
| Startle | 33.4 | 4.1 | 18.3 | 3.9 | 149.1 | 16.6 | 155.1 | 14.7 | 63.8 | 6.9 | 51.0 | 7.3 |
| Non-directional | 35.1 | 4.4 | 31.4 | 4.4 | 118.9 | 17.8 | 170.2 | 16.7 | 74.5 | 7.4 | 50.3 | 8.2 |
| Directional | 21.3 | 2.5 | 19.2 | 2.5 | 155.9 | 10.3 | 165.3 | 9.2 | 54.0 | 4.3 | 36.9 | 4.5 |
| Coronal Lat. Right. (N = 102) | ||||||||||||
| F_Stat (P_Val) | 24.2 (< 0.001) | 31.2 (< 0.001) | 13.4 (< 0.001) | 16.1 (< 0.001) | 10.1 (< 0.001) | 12.7 (< 0.001) | ||||||
| Unwarned (Int.) | 0.0 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 186.3 | 10.6 | 212.9 | 13.2 | 48.2 | 8.5 | 31.8 | 5.3 |
| Startle | 42.6 | 6.4 | 32.6 | 4.7 | 141.6 | 14.4 | 152.3 | 17.0 | 80.1 | 8.0 | 52.4 | 7.1 |
| Non-directional | 31.1 | 4.3 | 28.6 | 3.2 | 149.7 | 9.8 | 183.0 | 11.6 | 65.7 | 5.4 | 54.2 | 4.8 |
| Directional | 19.7 | 3.5 | 13.4 | 2.6 | 136.3 | 7.9 | 150.7 | 9.4 | 49.2 | 4.4 | 32.7 | 3.9 |
| Coronal Lat. Left. (N = 96) | ||||||||||||
| F_Stat (P_Val) | 27.5 (< 0.001) | 25.3 (< 0.001) | 3.4 (0.02) | 8.8 (< 0.001) | 5.3 (0.002) | 10.1 (< 0.001) | ||||||
| Unwarned (Int.) | 0.0 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 3.1 | 167.5 | 12.1 | 197.1 | 13.1 | 39.3 | 7.8 | 36.0 | 7.5 |
| Startle | 29.3 | 4.9 | 27.5 | 4.8 | 144.6 | 14.7 | 152.7 | 16.8 | 73.7 | 9.9 | 56.9 | 6.1 |
| Non-directional | 34.1 | 4.6 | 38.0 | 4.5 | 146.4 | 13.7 | 141.2 | 15.8 | 65.1 | 9.3 | 63.6 | 5.7 |
| Directional | 22.2 | 2.9 | 13.7 | 3.0 | 138.6 | 9.0 | 145.9 | 10.3 | 48.8 | 6.1 | 42.0 | 3.8 |
The Unwarned trial was assigned as the intercept for all the models. The data were categorized based on the forced movement of the head, because of the pull in four different directions. The columns show the resulting value for Impact EMG and the Post-Impact Peak EMG values in the retraction muscles and rebound muscles. N for each force direction shows the respective sample size