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. 2021 Sep 21;11:18667. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98156-9

Table 2.

Association between smoking cessation status and obstructive spirometry pattern.

Variables Obstructive spirometry patterna
Men Women
OR 95% CI OR 95% CI
Smoking cessation status (years of cessation)
Never-smoker 1.00 1.00
Ex-smoker (≥ 20) 1.40 (1.05 1.89) 1.08 (0.44 2.67)
Ex-smoker (15–20) 1.18 (0.82 1.68) 1.79 (0.21 15.02)
Ex-smoker (10–15) 1.48 (1.00 2.18) 1.43 (0.48 4.24)
Ex-smoker (5–10) 2.66 (1.84 3.87) 1.62 (0.44 5.98)
Ex-smoker (< 5) 1.93 (1.32 2.84) 1.32 (0.47 3.69)
Current smoker 3.15 (2.32 4.29) 2.60 (1.59 4.23)
Cumulative smoking exposure (pack-years)
 < 20 1.00 1.00
20–30 1.28 (1.02 1.62) 1.20 (0.42 3.43)
 > 30 1.47 (1.20 1.80) 1.00 (0.35 2.85)
Age (years) 1.12 (1.10 1.13) 1.09 (1.08 1.11)
Education level
Middle school or less 1.00 1.00
High school 0.84 (0.69 1.02) 1.01 (0.77 1.34)
College or over 0.82 (0.64 1.05) 0.98 (0.66 1.45)
Household income
Low 1.00 1.00
Mid-low 1.08 (0.86 1.37) 0.92 (0.70 1.21)
Mid-high 0.90 (0.70 1.15) 0.83 (0.60 1.16)
High 0.91 (0.69 1.21) 0.76 (0.53 1.09)
Occupationb
White collar 1.00 1.00
Pink collar 1.12 (0.79 1.58) 1.41 (0.80 2.48)
Blue collar 1.12 (0.86 1.46) 1.33 (0.75 2.36)
None/homemaker 1.11 (0.85 1.45) 1.21 (0.71 2.04)
Residential area
Capital area 1.00 1.00
Metropolitan area 1.40 (1.15 1.70) 1.52 (1.13 2.05)
Rural 1.39 (1.14 1.69) 1.50 (1.13 1.99)
High-risk drinking
No 1.00 1.00
Yes 0.96 (0.78 1.18) 1.25 (0.68 2.30)
Physical activity
Active 1.00 1.00
Inactive 0.80 (0.69 0.92) 1.06 (0.85 1.32)
Height (cm) 1.04 (1.03 1.06) 1.05 (1.03 1.07)

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.

aObstructive spirometry pattern was defined as an FEV1/FVC < 0.7.

bBased on the International Standard Classification Occupations codes.