. 2021 Sep 21;11:18682. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98058-w

Table 1.

Association of genetically predicted atrial fibrillation with socio-economic position (education, and Townsend deprivation index) and lifestyle (smoking, alcohol drinking, and physical activity) from the UK Biobank using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Characteristics	SNPs	F-statistic	Method	Mean difference	95% CI		P-value	IVW		MR-Egger
Characteristics	SNPs	F-statistic	Method	Mean difference	95% CI		P-value	Cochran’s Q-statistic	P-value	Intercept P-value	I²
Education	110	89.3	IVW	− 0.0004	− 0.012	0.011	0.94	297.5	< 0.001
			WM	0.002	− 0.011	0.016	0.72
			MR-Egger	− 0.0001	− 0.023	0.023	0.99			0.97	94.7%
			MR-PRESSO	0.003	− 0.007	0.012	0.58
Townsend	110	89.3	IVW	0.000	− 0.009	0.009	0.98	175.8	0.0001
Deprivation index			WM	− 0.003	− 0.016	0.010	0.65
			MR-Egger	− 0.005	− 0.023	0.013	0.61			0.55	94.6%
			MR-PRESSO	0.001	− 0.008	0.010	0.82

				Odds ratio	95% CI		P-value	IVW		MR-Egger
				Odds ratio	95% CI		P-value	Cochran’s Q-statistic	P-value	Intercept P-value	I²
Alcohol drinking	110	89.3	IVW	0.998	0.996	1.000	0.04	147.6	0.01
			WM	0.999	0.995	1.002	0.35
			MR-Egger	1.000	0.996	1.004	0.99			0.25	94.7%
			MR-PRESSO	0.998	0.996	1.000	0.04
Smoking	110	89.3	IVW	1.001	0.998	1.004	0.38	173.3	0.0001
			WM	1.001	0.998	1.005	0.42
			MR-Egger	1.005	0.999	1.010	0.09			0.15	94.7%
			MR-PRESSO	1.001	0.998	1.004	0.39
Physical activity	110	89.3	IVW	1.004	0.983	1.026	0.71	174.0	0.0001
			WM	0.996	0.968	1.025	0.78
			MR-Egger	1.003	0.961	1.048	0.89			0.96	94.7%
			MR-PRESSO	1.002	0.984	1.022	0.80

CI, confidence interval; IVW, inverse variance weighting; MR, Mendelian randomization, SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; WM, weighted median.

^aMR-PRESSO estimate was obtained by excluding 4 outliers (rs12245149, rs2040862, rs35005436, rs3820888) for education, 1 outlier (rs6596717) for Townsend deprivation index, 3 outliers (rs11191116, rs1458038, rs6596717) for physical activity.