Table 1.
Students’ Alcohol Consumption, and Receptiveness to Various Treatment Options, by Sex
| TOTAL (N = 396) | MEN (n = 140) | WOMEN (n = 256) | Sex differences | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol Usea | n | % | M | SD | - | - | missd | n | % | M | SD | - | - | missd | n | % | M | SD | - | - | missd | t | df |
| Age at first use | - | - | 16.05 | 1.76 | - | - | 3 | - | - | 15.90 | 2.36 | - | - | 2 | - | - | 16.13 | 1.32 | - | - | 1 | −1.04 | 184.52 |
| Alcohol Composite (standardized composite) | - | - | 0.54 | 4.31 | - | - | 56 | - | - | 2.43 | 4.78 | - | - | 13 | - | - | −0.59 | 3.56 | - | - | 43 | 6.16 *** | 209.6 |
| Past year: Frequency of drinkingb | - | - | 5.39 | 1.81 | - | - | 0 | - | - | 5.60 | 1.83 | - | - | 0 | - | - | 5.28 | 1.79 | - | - | 0 | 1.68 | 394 |
| Past year: Drinking quantity | - | - | 4.30 | 2.17 | - | - | 3 | - | - | 5.43 | 2.65 | - | - | 0 | - | - | 3.67 | 1.54 | - | - | 3 | 7.21 *** | 191.86 |
| Past year: Largest quantity of drinks in one day | - | - | 8.72 | 5.17 | - | - | 1 | - | - | 11.49 | 6.28 | - | - | 0 | - | - | 7.20 | 3.65 | - | - | 1 | 7.43 *** | 191.58 |
| Past year: Frequency of largest number of drinks in one dayb | - | - | 2.12 | 1.53 | - | - | 0 | - | - | 2.24 | 1.72 | - | - | 0 | - | - | 2.05 | 1.42 | - | - | 0 | 1.04 | 242.63 |
| Past year: Frequency of binge drinking (4/5 drinks in 2 hours)b | - | - | 3.97 | 2.23 | - | - | 5 | - | - | 4.42 | 2.25 | - | - | 3 | - | - | 3.73 | 2.18 | - | - | 2 | 2.94 ** | 389 |
| Past year: Frequency of 12+ drinks in dayb | - | - | 1.73 | 1.42 | - | - | 54 | - | - | 2.31 | 1.84 | - | - | 13 | - | - | 1.38 | 0.96 | - | - | 41 | 5.27 *** | 167.28 |
| AUDIT Total Scorec | - | - | 7.71 | 5.05 | - | - | 6 | - | - | 9.12 | 5.70 | - | - | 4 | - | - | 6.97 | 4.52 | - | - | 2 | 3.95 *** | 242.73 |
| TOTAL (N = 438) | MEN (n = 152) | WOMEN (n = 286) | Sex differencesh | ||||||||||||||||||||
| n | % | M | SD | M | SD | missd | n | % | M | SD | M | SD | missd | n | % | M | SD | M | SD | missd | χ2 | df | |
| Interest in Changing Drinking e | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| If wanted to change drinking, I’d be open to (select all): | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | |||
| Strategies to help cut down | 330 | 75% | - | - | - | - | - | 110 | 72% | - | - | - | - | - | 220 | 77% | - | - | - | - | - | 0.61 | 1 |
| Strategies to stop drinking all together | 75 | 17% | - | - | - | - | - | 35 | 23% | - | - | - | - | - | 40 | 14% | - | - | - | - | - | 6.31 * | 1 |
| Another option | 11 | 3% | - | - | - | - | - | 6 | 4% | - | - | - | - | - | 5 | 2% | - | - | - | - | - | 2.07 | 1 |
| None of these | 45 | 10% | - | - | - | - | - | 13 | 9% | - | - | - | - | - | 32 | 11% | - | - | - | - | - | 0.64 | 1 |
| All studentsg | Receptive studentsg | All studentsg | Receptive studentsg | All students | Students | ||||||||||||||||||
| Receptiveness to Treatment Optionse,f | n | % | M | SD | M | SD | missd | n | % | M | SD | M | SD | missd | n | % | M | SD | M | SD | missd | t | df i |
| Self-help | 322 | 74% | - | - | - | - | 0 | 101 | 66% | - | - | - | - | 0 | 221 | 77% | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - |
| self-help book | 134 | 31% | 2.54 | 1.53 | 4.59 | 0.70 | 0 | 40 | 26% | 2.32 | 1.49 | 4.53 | 0.68 | 0 | 94 | 33% | 2.66 | 1.54 | 4.62 | 0.70 | 0 | −2.22* | 436 |
| self-help blog/informational website | 185 | 42% | 2.83 | 1.63 | 4.56 | 0.67 | 1 | 56 | 37% | 2.56 | 1.60 | 4.48 | 0.63 | 0 | 129 | 45% | 2.98 | 1.63 | 4.60 | 0.68 | 1 | −2.56* | 435 |
| computer-based self-help program (guided/developed by mental health professional) | 169 | 39% | 2.81 | 1.58 | 5.59 | 0.68 | 0 | 50 | 33% | 2.53 | 1.50 | 4.42 | 0.61 | 0 | 119 | 42% | 2.96 | 1.61 | 4.66 | 0.69 | 0 | −2.74** | 436 |
| self-help group | 198 | 46% | 3.01 | 1.62 | 4.61 | 0.65 | 4 | 64 | 43% | 2.83 | 1.60 | 4.52 | 0.59 | 2 | 134 | 47% | 3.11 | 1.62 | 4.65 | 0.67 | 2 | −1.70 | 432 |
| smartphone applications | 205 | 47% | 3.08 | 1.71 | 4.73 | 0.74 | 0 | 51 | 34% | 2.61 | 1.61 | 4.65 | 0.69 | 0 | 154 | 54% | 3.34 | 1.71 | 4.75 | 0.75 | 0 | −4.31*** | 436 |
| Remote/Telehealth Options | 238 | 54% | - | - | - | - | 0 | 63 | 41% | - | - | - | - | 0 | 175 | 61% | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - |
| text messaging therapy services | 155 | 36% | 2.70 | 1.59 | 4.60 | 0.69 | 3 | 39 | 26% | 2.34 | 1.40 | 4.38 | 0.67 | 0 | 116 | 41% | 2.90 | 1.65 | 4.67 | 0.68 | 3 | −3.74*** | 353.06 |
| remote/teletherapy | 128 | 29% | 2.57 | 1.56 | 4.73 | 0.71 | 1 | 35 | 23% | 2.28 | 1.37 | - | - | 0 | 93 | 33% | 2.73 | 1.64 | 4.84 | 0.70 | 1 | −3.03** | 358.61 |
| personalized feedback via online format (education and PFI) | 162 | 37% | 2.75 | 1.61 | 4.60 | 0.74 | 1 | 46 | 30% | 2.42 | 1.46 | 4.37 | 0.61 | 0 | 116 | 41% | 2.92 | 1.66 | 4.70 | 0.77 | 1 | −3.12** | 435 |
| Individual Therapy/Group Approaches (in-person) | 276 | 63% | - | - | - | - | 0 | 82 | 54% | - | - | 4.43 | 0.65 | 0 | 194 | 68% | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - |
| on-campus groups with therapist | 126 | 29% | 2.55 | 1.49 | 4.61 | 0.67 | 1 | 41 | 27% | 2.49 | 1.46 | 4.56 | 0.67 | 0 | 85 | 30% | 2.59 | 1.51 | 4.63 | 0.67 | 1 | −0.68 | 435 |
| on-campus individual therapy | 215 | 49% | 3.18 | 1.72 | 4.76 | 0.70 | 3 | 67 | 44% | 2.97 | 1.70 | 4.7 | 0.72 | 1 | 148 | 52% | 3.29 | 1.72 | 4.79 | 0.69 | 2 | −1.80 | 433 |
| off-campus groups with therapist | 145 | 34% | 2.69 | 1.51 | 4.57 | 0.66 | 6 | 51 | 34% | 2.62 | 1.46 | 4.41 | 0.61 | 1 | 94 | 33% | 2.72 | 1.54 | 4.66 | 0.68 | 5 | −0.63 | 430 |
| off-campus individual therapy | 234 | 53% | 3.41 | 1.71 | 4.85 | 0.72 | 0 | 69 | 45% | 3.10 | 1.69 | 4.72 | 0.66 | 0 | 165 | 59% | 3.57 | 1.70 | 4.88 | 0.74 | 4 | −2.79** | 436 |
| Informal Workshops/Harm Reduction | 288 | 66% | - | - | - | - | 0 | 85 | 56% | - | - | - | - | 0 | 203 | 71% | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - |
| on-campus workshop about reducing risky alcohol use | 124 | 28% | 2.49 | 1.47 | 4.53 | 0.71 | 0 | 46 | 30% | 2.51 | 1.48 | 4.46 | 0.66 | 0 | 78 | 27% | 2.49 | 1.47 | 4.58 | 0.75 | 0 | 0.14 | 436 |
| ride share program through campus | 262 | 60% | 3.66 | 1.78 | 4.97 | 0.78 | 0 | 76 | 50% | 3.24 | 1.71 | 4.76 | 0.76 | 0 | 186 | 65% | 3.88 | 1.78 | 5.05 | 0.77 | 0 | −3.66*** | 436 |
| Medication | 125 | 29% | - | - | - | - | 3 | 31 | 20% | - | - | - | - | 0 | 94 | 33% | - | - | - | - | 3 | - | - |
| medication by injection | 56 | 13% | 1.79 | 1.21 | 4.52 | 0.66 | 3 | 21 | 14% | 1.76 | 1.24 | 4.48 | 0.68 | 0 | 35 | 12% | 1.80 | 1.20 | 4.54 | 0.66 | 3 | −0.37 | 433 |
| medication on days where I drink | 103 | 24% | 2.18 | 1.43 | 4.46 | 0.62 | 3 | 39 | 26% | 1.94 | 1.25 | 4.32 | 0.78 | 0 | 78 | 28% | 2.30 | 1.50 | 4.50 | 0.66 | 3 | −2.69** | 361.29 |
| daily medication | 57 | 13% | 1.84 | 1.23 | 4.56 | 0.63 | 4 | 20 | 13% | 1.77 | 1.23 | 4.55 | 0.6 | 0 | 37 | 13% | 1.88 | 1.23 | 4.57 | 0.64 | 4 | −0.89 | 432 |
| Medical Provider Appointment | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| appointment with primary care/family doctor | 230 | 53% | 3.28 | 1.69 | 4.73 | 0.72 | 1 | 76 | 50% | 3.14 | 1.66 | 4.63 | 0.71 | 0 | 154 | 54% | 3.35 | 1.71 | 4.78 | 0.73 | 1 | −1.25 | 435 |
| Peer/Family Interactions | 412 | 94% | - | - | - | - | 1 | 141 | 93% | - | - | - | - | 1 | 271 | 95% | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - |
| talk with my friends | 395 | 90% | 4.95 | 1.24 | 5.28 | 0.70 | 1 | 133 | 88% | 4.94 | 1.34 | 5.35 | 0.74 | 0 | 262 | 92% | 4.96 | 1.18 | 5.25 | 0.69 | 0 | −0.14 | 435 |
| talk with my family | 352 | 81% | 4.54 | 1.51 | 5.19 | 0.75 | 1 | 124 | 82% | 4.63 | 1.50 | 5.22 | 0.81 | 0 | 228 | 80% | 4.50 | 1.51 | 5.16 | 0.71 | 0 | 0.87 | 435 |
| social networking sites/forums (peer-to-peer) | 129 | 30% | 2.43 | 1.53 | 4.56 | 0.67 | 1 | 50 | 33% | 2.40 | 1.55 | 4.42 | 0.64 | 0 | 79 | 28% | 2.44 | 1.52 | 4.65 | 0.68 | 0 | −0.24 | 435 |
| talk with my RA | 55 | 13% | 1.87 | 1.16 | 4.45 | 0.60 | 2 | 25 | 17% | 1.91 | 1.24 | 4.36 | 0.57 | 1 | 30 | 11% | 1.85 | 1.12 | 4.53 | 0.63 | 1 | 0.5 | 434 |
| talk with peer support leader in a club/organization | 119 | 27% | 2.38 | 1.50 | 4.57 | 0.63 | 2 | 43 | 28% | 2.33 | 1.46 | 4.4 | 0.62 | 1 | 76 | 27% | 2.41 | 1.52 | 4.67 | 0.62 | 1 | −0.50 | 435 |
Note.
a
A subset of participants answered these items (given late addition of measures). All participants in this subset endorsed current or past alcohol use.
b
Response scale ranges from 1–2 times in the past year (1) to every day (10).
c
N = 424 (total); N = 146 (men); N = 278 (women). AUDIT sum scores calculated for those with past year alcohol use and no missing AUDIT items.
d
Missing column reflects missing datapoints due to participants electing to skip that item. Denominators for percentages account for this.
e
Items administered to all participants that endorsed current or past alcohol use.
f
Frequency represents scores of ‘somewhat’ to ‘strongly’ agree and Mean represents average of full response scale (i.e., 1–6).
g
“All Students” = M, SD for all students that reported alcohol use. “Receptive Students” = M, SD among those that were receptive (i.e., scoring ≥4 on receptiveness scale).
h
Sex differences reflect differences between the “all students” for men and women.
i
Degrees of freedom (df) account for test of equality of variances (using Satterthwaite when equality of variances assumption is violated); therefore, some df include fractional values.
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
***
p < 0.001