Figure 1.

Conservation of leucine–valine–aspartic acid (LVD) sequence across mammalian species. Alignment was performed using the constraint-based multiple alignment tool on CC16 in different mammalian species. Protein residues that are identical in all species are shown in red and notated with an asterisk (*); the remaining residues are in blue. Residues that do not align (Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus) are in gray. Furthermore, “:” represents highly conserved residues (by charge, size, and hydropreference [e.g., valine and alanine]). The conserved LVD site is bolded and highlighted in yellow. In order, Latin names correspond with human, chimpanzee, orangutan, cat, horse, rat, dog, mouse, pig, crab-eating macaque, and cow.