Table 3.
Multivariate logistic regression models assessing the factors associated with caesarean section delivery in India, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu, NFHS-4 (2015–16)
| India | Bihar | Tamil Nadu | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
| Women’s age | ||||||
| 15–24 years (ref.) | ||||||
| 25–34 years | 1.40** | 1.34–1.45 | 1.30** | 1.09–1.55 | 1.49** | 1.30–1.72 |
| 35–49 years | 2.25** | 2.10–2.40 | 1.47* | 1.05–2.04 | 2.02** | 1.52–2.67 |
| Age at marriage | ||||||
| < 18 years | 0.92** | 0.88–0.96 | 0.96 | 0.82–1.12 | 0.87 | 0.74–1.03 |
| ≥ 18 years (ref.) | ||||||
| Birth order | ||||||
| 1 (ref.) | ||||||
| 2 | 0.74** | 0.72–0.77 | 0.69** | 0.58–0.83 | 0.89 | 0.78–1.01 |
| 3 | 0.44** | 0.41–0.46 | 0.49** | 0.39–0.61 | 0.43** | 0.34–0.53 |
| 4+ | 0.26** | 0.24–0.28 | 0.31** | 0.23–0.41 | 0.23** | 0.14–0.38 |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban (ref.) | ||||||
| Rural | 0.85** | 0.82–0.88 | 0.77* | 0.62–0.95 | 1.03 | 0.91–1.17 |
| Women’s education | ||||||
| Illiterate (ref.) | ||||||
| Primary | 1.12** | 1.05–1.20 | 0.88 | 0.68–1.13 | 0.95 | 0.67–1.34 |
| Secondary | 1.26** | 1.20–1.33 | 0.81* | 0.66–0.99 | 0.99 | 0.75–1.30 |
| Higher | 1.31** | 1.22–1.40 | 0.85 | 0.63–1.14 | 0.96 | 0.71–1.31 |
| Religion | ||||||
| Hindu (ref.) | ||||||
| Muslim | 1.12** | 1.07–1.18 | 1.03 | 0.84–1.27 | 1.08 | 0.83–1.42 |
| Other | 1.03 | 0.97–1.08 | 1.1 | 0.09–13.45 | 1.26 | 0.98–1.62 |
| Caste | ||||||
| Scheduled Caste (ref.) | ||||||
| Scheduled Tribe | 0.77** | 0.73–0.82 | 0.64 | 0.35–1.17 | 0.95 | 0.59–1.50 |
| Other Backward Class | 0.89** | 0.85–0.93 | 0.99 | 0.81–1.21 | 0.98 | 0.86–1.13 |
| Others | 1.00 | 0.95–1.05 | 1.27* | 1.00–1.63 | 1.08 | 0.66–1.13 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||
| Poorest (ref.) | ||||||
| Poorer | 1.18** | 1.10–1.26 | 1 | 0.82–1.22 | 0.64* | 0.45–0.92 |
| Middle | 1.53** | 1.43–1.63 | 0.84 | 0.65–1.07 | 0.70* | 0.50–1.00 |
| Richer | 1.61** | 1.50–1.73 | 0.95 | 0.72–1.25 | 0.62** | 0.43–0.88 |
| Richest | 1.45** | 1.35–1.57 | 0.86 | 0.59–1.24 | 0.58** | 0.40–0.85 |
| Exposure to mass media | ||||||
| No exposure (ref.) | ||||||
| Partial exposure | 1.26** | 1.19–1.33 | 1.17 | 0.97–1.40 | 0.97 | 0.62–1.53 |
| Full exposure | 1.48** | 1.38–1.59 | 1.15 | 0.87–1.52 | 0.93 | 0.58–1.50 |
| ANC visit | ||||||
| No visit (ref.) | ||||||
| 1–3 | 1.14** | 1.07–1.22 | 1.1 | 0.92–1.33 | 0.92 | 0.70–1.20 |
| 4+ | 1.71** | 1.61–1.82 | 1.88** | 1.53–2.30 | 1.06 | 0.85–1.31 |
| Place of delivery | ||||||
| Public sector (ref.) | ||||||
| Private sector | 3.88** | 3.76–4.01 | 12.84** | 10.90–15.13 | 2.90** | 2.54–3.31 |
| Pregnancy loss | ||||||
| No (ref.) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.18** | 1.13–1.23 | 1.03 | 0.85–1.25 | 1.29** | 1.10–1.52 |
| Delivery complications | ||||||
| No (ref.) | ||||||
| Yes | 1.34** | 1.28–1.40 | 2.17** | 1.70–2.77 | 0.41** | 0.37–0.46 |
| Constant | 0.06** | 0.05–0.06 | 0.04** | 0.03–0.06 | 0.86 | 0.46–1.59 |
| LR chi2 | 20,260.3 | 1947.8 | 775.3 | |||
| Prob> chi2 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Pseudo R2 | 0.1577 | 0.2644 | 0.1009 | |||
| Log-likelihood | −54,093.2 | − 2709 | − 3455.7 | |||
Notes: OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, ref. Reference category
**p < 0.01; *p < 0.05