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. 2021 Aug 31;87(1):204–240. doi: 10.1111/prd.12387

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Bidirectional three‐way relationship among metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and periodontal disease, centering on insulin resistance. The black arrows indicate an established link by accumulated evidence. Red arrows indicate possible link that still has unproven causality. Blue arrow indicates indeterminate link because of no or little evidence