Table 1.
Pre-lockdown characteristics for caregivers and people with dementia, by residency; (N = 105)
| Variables | All (n = 105) |
Co-residing caregivers (n = 46) |
Visiting caregivers (n = 59) |
Difference, p-valuea | Missing data (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PwD characteristics | |||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 81.8 (6.9) | 78.4 (6.0) | 84.5 (6.4) | < 0.001 | – |
| Gender, female, n (%) | 64 (61) | 17 (37.0) | 47 (79.7) | < 0.001 | – |
| Living alone, yes, n (%) | 47 (45.6) | 0 (0) | 47 (79.7) | < 0.001 | 2 |
| MMSE, mean (SD) | 20.8 (3.7) | 20.8 (3.4) | 20.7 (3.6) | 0.896 | 4 |
| IADL, mean (SD) | 21.8 (5.1) | 22.3 (5.2) | 21.4 (5.1) | 0.411 | 1 |
| PSMS, mean (SD) | 11.7 (3.6) | 11.6 (4.0) | 11.8 (3.3) | 0.499 | 2 |
| Caregivers characteristics | |||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 65.5 (12.1) | 74.6 (9.8) | 58.3 (8.4) | < 0.001 | – |
| Gender, female, n (%) | 69 (65.7) | 31 (67.4) | 38 (64.4) | 0.749 | – |
| Higher education, yes, n (%) | 67 (63.8) | 28 (62.2) | 39 (68.4) | 0.513 | 3 |
| Working, yes, n (%) | 48 (45.7) | 4 (91.3) | 44 (74.6) | < 0.001 | – |
| Number of additional care providers, n (%) | 0.173 | – | |||
| - 0 (no additional) | 17 (16.2) | 10 (21.7) | 7 (11.9) | ||
| - 1+ (one or more additional caregivers) | 88 (83.8) | 36 (78.3) | 52 (88.1) | ||
| Relationship, n (%) | < 0.001 | – | |||
| - Spouse | 44 (41.9) | 42 (91.3) | 2 (3.4) | ||
| - Child | 59 (56.2) | 4 (8.7) | 55 (93.2) | ||
| - Other | 2 (1.9) | – | 2 (3.4) | ||
| Primary caregivers’ contribution, n (%) | < 0.001 | – | |||
| - 1–20% | 2 (1.9) | – | 2 (3.4) | ||
| - 21–40% | 7 (6.7) | – | 7 (11.9) | ||
| - 41–60% | 16 (15.2) | 2 (4.4) | 14 (23.7) | ||
| - 61–80% | 14 (13.3) | 1 (2.2) | 13 (22.0) | ||
| - 81–100% | 66 (62.9) | 43 (93.5) | 23 (39.0) | ||
N = total sample, n = number of participants
Data are mean (SD) and number (%)
aTested with The Mann-Whitney U test for nonnormally distributed continuous variables, and Pearson χ2 tests for categorical variables; MMSE Mini Mental Status Examination (range 0–30), higher scores indicate better cognition, IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (range 8–31), lower scores indicate better functioning, PSMS Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (range 6–30), lower scores indicate better functioning