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. 2021 Jul 26;51(9):2120–2136. doi: 10.1002/eji.202049065

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Mutually beneficial myeloid and innate lymphocytes ‐microbiome interactions. Microbiome perception via TLRs and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) signaling promote myelopoiesis and myeloid cell maturation ultimately supporting immunological tolerance to commensal microbes and defense against infections (A). Microbial signaling in NK cells promotes CNS homeostasis (B). Microbial signals relayed by other immune cells or direct microbial sensing via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) leads to production of IL‐22, GM‐CSF and IL‐2 by innate lymphoid cells type 3 (ILC3) thus promoting colonization resistance and immunological tolerance as well as to secretion of mucus supporting mucus‐foraging commensals (C). TLR signaling in ILC1 triggers a bacterial infection clearing Th1 immune response benefiting commensal microbes as well as the host (D). Helminth sensing via Tuft cells‐derived IL‐25 by ILC2 leads to parasite expulsion by a Th2 immune response (E). The figure was created using BioRender.com.