FIG 2.

Reported confidence with Python before and after the course with 1 = not confident at all and 5 = completely confident. We did not observe significant differences in confidence gains between the two sessions (Mann-Whitney U = 119, n1 = 15, n2 = 18, P = 0.5478 [two-tailed]). Student 11 from the hybrid session reported a score of 5 for both “before” and “after.” Student ID numbers correspond to students that completed the course evaluation (15/17 in the hybrid session and 18/20 in the remote session). G1-G2 students are in their first 2 years of a Ph.D. program and are still completing required coursework. G3+ students are primarily engaged in thesis research.