Table 4.
Trends in energy intake, DASH adherence, and risk factors for hypertension in women of child-bearing age from 2001 to 2016a
| 2001–2004 (N = 1,788) | 2005–2008 (N = 1,928) | 2009–2012 (N = 2,081) | 2013–2016 (N = 1,985) | P valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HTN prevalence | 22.5 | 20.3 | 18.1 | 18.4 | <0.001 |
| Self-reported HTN | 10.0 | 10.9 | 7.9 | 10.7 | 0.01 |
| Undiagnosed HTN | 12.5 | 9.4 | 10.2 | 7.7 | <0.001 |
| On prescription for HTN | 7.9 | 9.4 | 6.9 | 8.9 | 0.05 |
| Uncontrolled HTNc | 2.29 | 2.74 | 1.80 | 2.07 | 0.32 |
| Energy intake | 1,978 (17) | 1,862 (14) | 1,867 (15) | 1,895 (21) | <0.001 |
| DASH score | 2.1 (0.05) | 2.2 (0.04) | 2.3 (0.04) | 2.2 (0.03) | 0.06 |
| Sodium intake (mg/1,000 kcal) | 1,601 (16) | 1,679 (15) | 1,710 (11) | 1,709 (11) | <0.001 |
| Potassium intake (mg/1,000 kcal) | 1,238 (14) | 1,257 (11) | 1,282 (9) | 1,261 (11) | 0.05 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.6 (0.2) | 28.0 (0.3) | 28.1 (0.2) | 29.0 (0.2) | 0.01 |
| Current smoking | 26.1 | 23.4 | 20.7 | 19.5 | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 22.2 | 24.6 | 15.5 | 12.1 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 2.67 | 3.04 | 2.40 | 3.22 | 0.50 |
| Never been pregnant | 26.9 | 27.9 | 34.7 | 34.9 | <0.001 |
| Gravidity | 2.9 (0.07) | 2.9 (0.06) | 2.7 (0.05) | 2.8 (0.07) | 0.74 |
| Parity | 2.1 (0.03) | 2.1 (0.04) | 2.1 (0.04) | 2.2 (0.04) | 0.20 |
| Systolic blood pressured | 112.3 (0.4) | 112.2 (0.3) | 110.8 (0.5) | 112.5 (0.4) | 0.05 |
| Diastolic blood pressured | 70.0 (0.4) | 68.7 (0.3) | 68.3 (0.5) | 68.4 (0.3) | 0.08 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HTN, hypertension; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
aData are reported as mean percentage of subjects or mean (SE) number of indicated units.
bTrends compared across 4-year intervals from 2001 to 2016, adjusted for age and race.
cUncontrolled HTN defined by SBP ≥140 mm Hg or DBP ≥90 mm Hg.
dmm Hg.