Table 5.
Trends in energy intake, DASH adherence, and risk factors of women with self-reported hypertension from 2001 to 2016a
| 2001–2004 (N = 189) | 2005–2008 (N = 219) | 2009–2012 (N = 181) | 2013–2016 (N = 235) | P valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy intake (kcal) | 1,991 (63) | 1,767 (43) | 1,985 (69) | 1,949 (58) | 0.006 |
| DASH score | 1.7 (0.12) | 2.2 (0.11) | 1.9 (0.14) | 2.0 (0.11) | 0.073 |
| Sodium intake (mg/1,000 kcal) | 1,645 (45) | 1,700 (43) | 1,654 (31) | 1,738 (44) | 0.36 |
| Potassium intake (mg/1,000 kcal) | 1,204 (36) | 1,239 (34) | 1,197 (31) | 1,189 (30) | 0.73 |
| BMI | 33.6 (0.7) | 33.5 (0.7) | 35.0 (0.7) | 34.8 (0.6) | 0.31 |
| BMI ≥30.0 | 61.4 | 62.5 | 72.4 | 71.9 | 0.18 |
| Current smoking | 28.0 | 30.1 | 32.6 | 25.5 | 0.51 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 28.0 | 28.7 | 27.1 | 23.4 | 0.02 |
| Diabetes | 12.7 | 14.6 | 12.1 | 13.6 | 0.22 |
| Stroke | 4.2 | 4.6 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 0.56 |
| Coronary heart disease | 3.2 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 0.49 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2.1 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 0.26 |
| Never been pregnant | 8.4 | 16.4 | 13.2 | 15.7 | 0.28 |
| Gravidity | 2.9 (0.15) | 3.3 (0.18) | 2.8 (0.19) | 3.6 (0.19) | 0.02 |
| Parity | 2.1 (0.10) | 2.3 (0.10) | 2.1 (0.14) | 2.5 (0.11) | 0.08 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 128.8 (1.3) | 125.6 (1.2) | 126.2 (1.3) | 126.7 (1.2) | 0.88 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 79.3 (0.9) | 76.8 (0.8) | 78.1 (1.1) | 77.1 (0.9) | 0.22 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.
aData are reported as percentage of subjects or mean (SE) number of indicated units.
bTrends compared across 4-year intervals from 2001 to 2016, adjusted for age and race.