Table 3. Definition and cut-points of the 30 risk factors.
| Risk factor* | Risk group | Reference group | ||
| High heart rate | ≥ 90 beats/minute | 60 - 69 beats/minute | ||
| Proteinuria | Trace or positive (≥ 1+) (by dipstick) | Negative | ||
| Diabetes | Fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL or on medication | Fasting blood glucose 90 - 109 mg/dL | ||
| Elevated white blood cell (WBC) | ≥ 9,000 / mm3 | 4000 - 5999/mm3 | ||
| Mild anemia | Hemoglobin 10 - 13.4 g/dL in men; 10 - 11 g/dL in women | Hemoglobin 13.5 -15 g/dL in men; 12 - 14 g/dL in women |
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| C-reactive protein | ≥ 3.0 mg/L | < 1 mg/L | ||
| Underweight | Men: BMI < 19 kg/m2; Women: BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 | BMI 23 - 24 kg/m2 | ||
| Regular drinker | Alcohol drinking: ≥ 2 drinks, ≥ 3 times a week | Non-drinker | ||
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | GOLD definition: FEV1/FVC < 0.7 | FEV1/FVC ≥ 0.7 and FVC ≥ 80% | ||
| Betel quid chewing | Chewer | Never chewer | ||
| Current smoker | Current smoker | Never smoker | ||
| Restrictive lung disease | GOLD definition: FEV1/FVC ≥ 0.7, but FVC < 80% | FEV1/FVC ≥ 0.7 and FVC ≥ 80% | ||
| Long-duration sleep | Sleep duration > 8 hours/day | Sleep duration 6 - 7 hours/day | ||
| Physical inactivity | < 3.75 MET-h/wk (inactive) | ≥ 7.5 MET-h/wk | ||
| Hepatitis B carrier (HBsAg) | Hepatitis B surface antigen positive (HBsAg) | Surface antigen negative | ||
| Hypertension (SBP) | Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or on hypertension medication | Systolic blood pressure 90 - 119 mmHg | ||
| Hypertension (DBP) | Diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or on hypertension medication | Diastolic blood pressure 60 - 79 mmHg | ||
| Low cholesterol | Total cholesterol < 160 mg/dL | Total cholesterol 180 - 199 mg/dL | ||
| Obesity | BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | BMI 23 - 24 kg/m2 | ||
| Low glomerular filtration rate | < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 (by CKD-EPI definition) | 60 - 89 ml/min/1.73m2 (by CKD-EPI definition) | ||
| Elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) | ≥ 25 U/L | < 25 U/L | ||
| Low blood glucose | Fasting blood glucose < 90 mg/dL | Fasting blood glucose 90 - 109 mg/dL | ||
| High uric acid | ≥ 7 mg/dL | 5.0 – 5.9 mg/dL | ||
| Low HDL-C | HDL-C < 35 mg/dL | HDL-C 35 - 69 mg/dL | ||
| High triglyceride | Triglyceride ≥ 200 mg/dL | Triglyceride < 100 mg/dL | ||
| Prolonged sitting | Yes (≥ 8 hours/day) | No (< 8 hours/day) | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome (ATP III definition) | When 3 or more of the following characteristics present: Waistline ≥ 90 cm for men, or ≥ 80 cm for women Triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dL. HDL-C <40 mg/dL for male, or <50 mg/dL for female. Blood pressure ≥ 130 (SBP) / ≥ 85 (DBP) mm Hg. Fasting blood glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL. |
No metabolic syndrome | ||
| Pre-diabetes | Fasting blood glucose 110 - 125 mg/dL | Fasting blood glucose 90 - 109 mg/dL | ||
| High cholesterol | Total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dL | Total cholesterol 180 - 199 mg/dL | ||
| Pre-hypertension | Systolic blood pressure 120 - 139 mmHg | Systolic blood pressure 90 - 119 mmHg |
*Listed in the order according to Table 2.