Table 1.

Characteristics of included reviews

Study	Number and type of primary studies	Countries	Participants	Data collection period	Critical appraisal (CA) instruments used	Instruments used to measure outcomes	CA score (% of items meeting the criteria)
da Silva and Neto, 202133	7 Cross-sectional	China	7102 HCWs	April and May 2020	Not reported	GAD, HAMA, HAMD, PHQ, SAS and SDS	72
Dutta et al, 202027	17 Cross-sectional	China, Singapore	31 973 HCWs	December 2019 to 31 May 2020	NOS	PHQ-9, HAMA, HAMD, HADS, GAD, DASS-21, BDI-2, BAI	100
Salazar de Pablo et al, 202025	4 with primary data	China, Singapore	7716 HCPs	1 January to 15 April 2020	Mixed methods appraisal tool	Not stated	100
Killikelly et al, 202131	10 Cross-sectional	China, Singapore	8437 HCPs	January 2020 to April 2020	Instrument used for mental health and disease outbreaks	SDS, SAS, PHQ-9, GAD-7, DASS-21, HAMD, HAMA	81
Krishnamoorthy et al, 202028	18 Cross-sectional	China, Singapore	38 443 HCWs	Inception to April 2020	NOS	SDS, SAS, PHQ-9, GAD-7, DASS-21, HAMD, HAMA, CES-D	100
Luo et al, 202030	13 Quantitative studies	China, Singapore, South and Latin America, Italy	18 224 HCWs	1 November to 25 May 2020	McMaster University critical appraisal tool	BAI, DASS-21, GAD-7, HADS, HAMA, SAS, STAI-S, HAMD	72
Pappa et al, 202029	13 Cross-sectional	China, Singapore	31 756 HCWs	Up to 17 April 2020	NOS	GAD, HAMA, SAS, DASS-21, BAI, HAMD, SDS, PHQ-9	90
Ren et al, 202023	3 Cross-sectional	China	5738 HCWs	December 2019 to April 2020	Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality	SDS, SAS, PHQ-9, GAD-7, HAMD, HAMA	100
Salari et al, 202026	29 Observational	China, Singapore, France, Romania, Iran, India	19 768 HCWs	December 2019 to June 2020.	STROBE checklist	GAD, SAS, DAS-21, BAI, HADS, SDS, BDI	100
Santabárbara et al, 202124	71 Cross-sectional	China, Singapore, Brazil, Cameroon, Oman, Jordan, India, Iran, Croatia, Ecuador, Kosovo, Germany, Libya, Nepal, Pakistan, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South America, Serbia, South Korea, USA, Turkey	58 565 HCWs	December 2019 to August 2020	JBI checklist for prevalence studies	BAI, DASS-21, GAD-7, HADS, HAMA, SAS, STAI-S	90

BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI-2, Beck Depression Inventory-2; CES-D, Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; DASS-21, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; GAD-7, General Anxiety Disorder-7; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HAMA, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HCPs, healthcare professionals; HCWs, healthcare workers; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale–Revised; NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; SAS, Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale; STAI-S, State-Trait Anxiety Scale; STROBE, Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Checklist.