Extended Data Fig. 2. Rare PTVs and direction of variant effects.
a, The number of genes (y-axis) with at least N rare (MAF >0.01) protein-truncating variant (PTV) carriers (x-axis) in the cohort. Colours correspond to heterozygous (Het), putative compound heterozygous plus homozygous/hemizygous carriers (comp. het), and exclusively homozygous/hemizygous carriers (recessive). b, Distribution of the directions of effect for rare (MAF <0.1%) non-synonymous variant associations with quantitative phenotypes. Only phenotypes with at least five significant non-synonymous variant associations (P ≤ 2 × 10−9) in a given gene were considered.