Table 2.
Pearson correlations between the outcome measures (i.e., word spelling, phonological errors, morphological errors, and orthographical errors) and predictor measures (i.e., phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming, verbal working memory, and semantics). Below the diagonal: children with dyslexia (n = 52); above the diagonal: typically developing children (n = 105)
| 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. | 11. | 12. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Word spelling raw scores pretest | - | −.585** | −.747** | −.617** | .610** | −.418** | .426** | .563** | - | - | - | - |
| 2. Percentages phonological errors | −.768** | - | .392** | .370** | −.491** | .360** | −.146 | −.343** | - | - | - | - |
| 3. Percentages morphological errors | −.870** | .891** | - | .564** | −.519** | .241* | −.227* | −.451** | - | - | - | - |
| 4. Percentages orthographical errors | −.804** | .993** | .891** | - | −.337** | .323** | −.242* | −.283** | - | - | - | - |
| 5. Phonological awareness | .305* | −.245 | −.258 | −.256 | - | −.255** | .317** | .528** | - | - | - | - |
| 6. Rapid automatized naming | −.378** | .239 | .301* | .253 | −.212 | - | −.231* | −.318** | - | - | - | - |
| 7. Verbal working memory | .294* | −.229 | −.230 | −.234 | .088 | .040 | - | .410** | - | - | - | - |
| 8. Semantics | .652** | −.457** | −.617** | −.482** | .345* | −.359** | .085 | - | - | - | - | - |
| 9. Change per session phonological errors | .720** | .893** | −.838** | −.877** | .314* | −.250 | .275* | .527** | - | - | - | - |
| 10. Change per session morphological errors | .608** | −.665** | −.811** | −.635** | .117 | −.098 | −.253 | .407** | .771 | - | - | - |
| 11. Change per session orthographical errors | .704** | −.879** | −.828** | −.875** | .324* | −.272 | −.252 | .534** | .991** | .737** | - | - |
| 12. Change per session spelling percentiles | −.255 | −.206 | −.207 | −.217 | .292* | −.286* | .023 | .357** | .279 | .157 | .282 | - |
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001