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. 2020 Jul 20;29(10):3299–3309. doi: 10.1007/s00167-020-06166-3

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Illustrative case examples 1 and 2. a Case 1: deformity analysis revealed a tibial-based varus deformity of 5° with a normal mLDFA and a pathologic mMPTA. This deformity can be corrected via medial open-wedge HTO to the desired alignment of 2° of valgus without exceeding the upper limit of the mMPTA. b Case 2: deformity analysis revealed a femoral-based varus deformity of 5.5° with a normal mMPTA and a pathologic mLDFA. This deformity can be corrected via lateral closed-wedge DFO to the desired alignment of 2° of valgus without exceeding the lower limit of the mLDFA