Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample and by level of physical frailty*
| Total (n = 115) | Non-Physically Frail (n = 66)† | Physically Frail (n = 49) | p value‡ | Effect Size [95% CI]** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.6±15.7 | 61.5±15.9 | 66.3±15.1 | 0.10 | −0.31 [−0.67, 0.06] |
| Sex | 0.001 | 3.86 [1.76, 8.44] | |||
| Men | 59 (51%) | 43 (65%) | 16 (33%) | ||
| Women | 56 (49%) | 23 (35%) | 33 (67%) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Caucasian | 97 (84%) | 55 (83%) | 42 (86%) | 0.73 | 1.20 [0.43, 3.36] |
| Married/Partnered | 61 (53%) | 39 (59%) | 22 (45%) | 0.13 | 0.56 [0.27, 1.19] |
| Education | 0.42 | ||||
| < High school | 26 (23%) | 15 (23%) | 11 (22%) | (referent) | |
| > High school but < College | 49 (43%) | 25 (38%) | 24 (49%) | 1.31 [0.50, 3.41] | |
| College degree | 40 (35%) | 26 (39%) | 14 (29%) | 0.73 [0.27, 2.02] | |
| Clinical Characteristics | |||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.3±8.3 | 29.4±7.1 | 33.8±9.1 | 0.007 | −0.54 [−0.91, −0.16] |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (weighted) | 3.2±2.0 | 2.8±1.7 | 3.7±2.1 | 0.015 | −0.48 [−0.85, −0.11] |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 38 (33%) | 19 (29%) | 19 (39%) | 0.26 | 1.57 [0.72, 3.43] |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 4 (3%) | 2 (3%) | 2 (4%) | 1.00 | 1.36 [0.19, 10.02] |
| Asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or COPD | 35 (30%) | 15 (23%) | 20 (41%) | 0.037 | 2.34 [1.04, 5.27] |
| Atrial fibrillation | 55 (48%) | 29 (45%) | 26 (53%) | 0.37 | 1.40 [0.67, 2.95] |
| Stage 3 chronic kidney disease | 31 (27%) | 13 (20%) | 18 (37%) | 0.044 | 2.37 [1.02, 5.48] |
| Type 2 diabetes | 46 (40%) | 18 (27%) | 28 (57%) | 0.001 | 3.56 [1.62, 7.78] |
| Heart Failure Characteristics | |||||
| Time with heart failure (years) | 3.6 [1.4–7.2] | 3.8 [1.8–8.4] | 3.1 [1.3–5.4] | 0.18 | −0.13 [−0.30, 0.06] |
| ≥ 1 heart failure hospitalization in past year | 33 (29%) | 19 (29%) | 14 (29%) | 0.94 | 0.97 [0.43, 2.20] |
| New York Heart Association functional class | 0.08 | 1.97 [0.93, 4.17] | |||
| Class I/II | 58 (50%) | 38 (58%) | 20 (41%) | ||
| Class III/IV | 57 (50%) | 28 (42%) | 29 (59%) | ||
| Non-ischemic etiology | 84 (73%) | 48 (73%) | 36 (73%) | 0.93 | 1.04 [0.45, 2.39] |
| Heart failure phenotype | 0.004 | 3.38 [1.45, 7.84] | |||
| HF with reduced ejection fraction | 82 (71%) | 54 (82%) | 28 (57%) | ||
| HF with preserved ejection fraction | 33 (29%) | 12 (18%) | 21 (43%) | ||
| Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (cm) | 5.4±1.0 | 5.4±1.0 | 5.2±1.0 | 0.30 | 0.20 [−0.18, 0.57] |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 42.9±15.8 | 39.9±15.2 | 46.9±15.9 | 0.019 | −0.45 [−0.82, −0.08] |
| Serum sodium (mEq/L) | 138.6±3.0 | 138.7±3.3 | 138.4±2.5 | 0.54 | 0.11 [−0.26, 0.48] |
| Serum hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.0±2.0 | 13.3±1.9 | 12.5±2.1 | 0.041 | 0.40 [0.02, 0.77] |
| Serum BUN:Creatinine ratio | 21.5±7.7 | 21.4±8.2 | 21.6±7.0 | 0.87 | −0.03 [−0.40, 0.34] |
| Serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) | 739 [190–1715] | 674 [172–1696] | 896 [324–2089] | 0.33 | 0.10 [−0.10, 0.28] |
| Prescribed a β-blocker | 99 (86%) | 60 (91%) | 39 (80%) | 0.08 | 0.39 [0.13, 1.16] |
| Prescribed an angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker | 83 (72%) | 55 (83%) | 28 (57%) | 0.002 | 0.27 [0.11, 0.63] |
| Prescribed an aldosterone antagonist | 52 (45%) | 33 (50%) | 19 (39%) | 0.23 | 0.63 [0.30, 1.34] |
| ICD or Biventricular ICD | 49 (43%) | 30 (45%) | 19 (39%) | 0.47 | 0.76 [0.36, 1.61] |
| Symptom Characteristics | |||||
| HFSPS-Dyspnea score | 3 [0–10] | 1 [0–6] | 5 [1–15] | <0.001 | 0.32 [0.15, 0.48] |
| PROMIS Sleep-Related Impairment T-score | 51.7±9.9 | 49.7±9.2 | 54.3±10.4 | 0.016 | −0.47 [−0.84, −0.10] |
| PROMIS Pain Intensity score | 2 [0–5] | 1 [0–4] | 4 [2–6] | <0.001 | 0.38 [0.21, 0.52] |
| PROMIS Pain Interference T-score | 56.8±8.2 | 54.4±6.8 | 59.3±8.9 | 0.005 | −0.62 [−1.05, −0.19] |
| Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score | 3 [1–7] | 2 [1–5] | 5 [3–8] | 0.003 | 0.28 [0.10, 0.44] |
| PROMIS Anxiety T-score | 47.4±9.4 | 46.2±8.5 | 49.1±10.3 | 0.10 | −0.32 [−0.68, 0.05] |
*
Data presented as mean±standard deviation, median [interquartile range], or N(%)
†
Non-physically frail includes both non-frail (n = 10) and pre-frail (n = 56)
‡
p values comparing physically frail versus non-physically frail
**
Presented as Hedge’s g or Spearman’s rho for continuous variables and odds ratios for categorical variables with 95% CI
Abbreviations: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HFSPS, Heart Failure Somatic Perception Scale; ICD, internal cardioverter defibrillator; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.