Table 3.
Clinical, symptom, and body composition characteristics of physical frailty by sex*
| Women | Men | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not Physically Frail (n = 23) | Physically Frail (n = 33) | p value | Not Physically Frail (n = 43) | Physically Frail (n = 16) | p value | Interaction p value | |
| Age (years) | 63.6±16.1 | 65.9±16.6 | 0.61 | 60.4±15.9 | 67.1±11.9 | 0.09 | 0.37 |
| Non-Hispanic Caucasian | 19 (83%) | 30 (91%) | 0.43 | 36 (84%) | 12 (75%) | 0.47 | 0.24 |
| In menopause or menopause transition | 17 (81%) | 24 (83%)** | 0.87 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Comorbidity Clinical Characteristics | |||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.8±7.5 | 34.0±9.6 | 0.17 | 28.7±6.9 | 33.4±8.3 | 0.06 | 0.48 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (weighted) | 2.4±1.5 | 3.5±2.2 | 0.038 | 3.0±1.9 | 4.3±2.0 | 0.040 | 0.98 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 5 (22%) | 16 (48%) | 0.042 | 13 (30%) | 12 (75%) | 0.002 | 0.43 |
| Stage 3 chronic kidney disease | 6 (26%) | 9 (27%) | 0.92 | 7 (16%) | 9 (56%) | 0.002 | 0.041 |
| Heart Failure Clinical Characteristics | |||||||
| Heart failure phenotype | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.96 | ||||
| HF with reduced ejection fraction | 17 (74%) | 17 (52%) | 37 (86%) | 11 (69%) | |||
| HF with preserved ejection fraction | 6 (26%) | 16 (48%) | 6 (14%) | 5 (31%) | |||
| Left ventricular ejection fraction | 42.7±16.3 | 49.0±15.3 | 0.16 | 38.4±14.6 | 42.7±16.9 | 0.38 | 0.80 |
| Serum hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.8±1.7 | 12.7±2.0 | 0.87 | 13.6±1.9 | 12.3±2.2 | 0.042 | 0.16 |
| Prescribed a β-blocker | 20 (87%) | 26 (79%) | 0.43 | 40 (93%) | 13 (81%) | 0.33 | 0.64 |
| Prescribed an angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker | 18 (78%) | 20 (61%) | 0.16 | 37 (86%) | 8 (50%) | 0.013 | 0.29 |
| Symptom Characteristics | |||||||
| HFSPS-Dyspnea score | 1 [0–5] | 5 [1–15] | 0.010 | 1 [0–6] | 8.5 [0–15.5] | 0.043 | 0.91 |
| PROMIS Sleep-Related Impairment T score | 49.5±9.3 | 55.5±10.2 | 0.028 | 49.9±9.3 | 52.0±10.6 | 0.49 | 0.36 |
| PROMIS Pain Intensity score | 1 [0–4] | 5 [2–7] | <0.001 | 1 [0–4] | 3 [1.5–6] | 0.06 | 0.32 |
| PROMIS Pain Interference T score | 55.6±3.8 | 60.6±9.2 | 0.017 | 53.7±7.9 | 56.7±7.9 | 0.28 | 0.61 |
| Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score | 2 [1–5] | 5 [3–8] | 0.051 | 2 [1–5] | 4 [3–8] | 0.042 | 0.39 |
| Body Composition Characteristics | |||||||
| Whole body lean mass index (kg/m2) | 16.4±2.1 | 17.5±2.8 | 0.11 | 19.0±3.1 | 19.7±2.9 | 0.45 | 0.51 |
| Appendicular muscle mass index (kg/BMI) | 56.8±9.1 | 59.3±10.4 | 0.36 | 92.6±15.9 | 84.2±11.4 | 0.046 | 0.07 |
| Whole body fat mass index (kg/m2) | 13.3±4.2 | 14.8±5.3 | 0.26 | 9.1±3.6 | 10.6±2.6 | 0.12 | 0.60 |
| % body fat | 43.8±6.3 | 44.4±7.4 | 0.75 | 31.4±6.5 | 34.6±3.9 | 0.034 | 0.23 |
| % trunk fat | 45.0±7.9 | 44.0±8.7 | 0.68 | 33.9±8.1 | 38.0±4.4 | 0.026 | 0.11 |
| Average % appendicular fat | 46.1±5.7 | 48.4±7.7 | 0.22 | 29.4±5.9 | 32.0±4.0 | 0.07 | 0.54 |
| Visceral adipose tissue (kg) | 0.99±0.44 | 0.98±0.45 | 0.97 | 0.92±0.43 | 1.02±0.32 | 0.37 | 0.53 |
*
Data presented as mean±standard deviation, median [interquartile range], or N(%)
**
Menopause status only available on n = 50 women
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HF, heart failure; HFSPS, Heart Failure Somatic Perception Scale; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.