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. 2021 Sep 22;11:18842. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98262-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Disruption of tight junction proteins claudin-1 and claudin-4 by Giardia is enhanced in the presence of palmitic acid in SCBN cells. Intestinal epithelial cells (SCBN) were pre-treated with vehicle (Ctrl) or palmitic acid (PA; 0.3 mM) and challenged for 24 h with G. duodenalis isolate GS/M (Giardia + PA; MOI = 10:1) or left un-infected (Ctrl + PA). (a) SCBN cells were probed for immunofluorescence staining of ZO-1, claudin-1 and claudin-4 proteins (scale bar = 5 μm). (b) ZO-1, claudin-1 and claudin-4 relative protein levels were quantified by fluorescence intensity compared with DAPI (ImageJ) and expressed as fold change compared to Ctrl group. n = 4 per group. Data are expressed as box plots with min/max whiskers.*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.