Table 1.
The characteristics of Iranian men in the case and control groups (number [%] unless otherwise stated).
| Characteristics | Case (n = 400) | Control (n = 537) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 33.66 ± 6.35 | 34.49 ± 6.52 | 0.25 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 5.33 | 27.3 ± 4.78 | 0.46 |
| Weight (kg) | 79.4 ± 18.36 | 81.7 ± 15.67 | 0.23 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 93.6 ± 20.01 | 94.3 ± 12.79 | < 0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 96.8 ± 21.80 | 101.3 ± 7.10 | < 0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 1.08 ± 0.17 | 1.07 ± 0.30 | 0.52 |
| Socioeconomic status (SES)** | 4.5 ± 1.97 | 5.6 ± 1.37 | < 0.001 |
| Education (years) | 10.5 ± 4.30 | 10.7 ± 3.90 | 0.17 |
| Smoking history | |||
| Current smoker (%) | 138 (34.5%) | 192 (33.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Non-smoker (%) | 162 (40.5%) | 313 (54.2%) | |
| Ex-smoker (%) | 100 (25%) | 72 (12.5%) | |
| Use of pesticides | |||
| Yes (%) | 129 (32.2%) | 56 (9.3%) | < 0.001 |
| No (%) | 271 (67.8%) | 546 (90.7%) | |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 3001 ± 659 | 2547 ± 530 | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity level | |||
| Inactive (%) | 136 (34%) | 169 (28%) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate activity (%) | 157 (39.2%) | 166 (27.5%) | |
| Active (%) | 107 (26.8%) | 269 (44.5%) | |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or percentage for continuous or categorical data, respectively.
*P-value was determined using independent t-test for quantitative variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables.
**SES was analyzed according to the following variables: residential status (landlord/tenant), use of a washing machine or dishwasher (yes/no), number of international travels, having a car (yes/no), occupation, and education (years of study).