Table 1.

Sample Characteristics and Measures (Study 1)

Sample	N	Grade level	% male	% Asian	% Black	% Latinx	% White	Location	Depressive symptoms	Psychological distress
Study 1a
1	142	9	53	0	0	0	100	Finland	CDI	---
2	191	9	30	27	16	26	6	CA	CDI	---
3	262	9–10	53	7	6	54	15	CA	CDI:S	PSS
4	320	9	52	46	2	15	44	CA	CDI:S	PSS
5	237	9	46	10	5	73	9	CA	CDI:S	PSS
6	434	9	47	1	3	35	50	TX	CDI:S	PSS
7	300	9	50	20	1	16	51	CA	CDI:S	PSS
8	271	9	39	15	15	20	55	CA	CDI:S, QID	PSS
9	221	9	45	21	2	13	58	TX	CDI	PSS
10	724	9	43	9	4	22	47	TX	CDI	PSS
11	703	9	36	3	3	33	14	TX	CDI:S	PSS
Study 1b	3,105	9	49	7	9	12	52	USA	CDI	PSS

Note. CA = California, USA. TX = Texas. CDI = 26-item version of Children’s Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1985). CDI:S = 10-item short version of Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI:S; Kovacs, 1992). QID = Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self Report (QID-SR; Rush et al., 2003). PSS = Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983).

All studies measured implicit theories of personality using 3–4 items assessing participants’ implicit theories about social trait (e.g., “Bullies and victims are types of people who really can’t be changed,” “Some people are just jerks, and not much can be done to change them.”).