TABLE 2.
Descriptive characteristics of the sample and the subgroups of completers and non-completers at baseline.
| Total sample (N = 32) | Completers (N = 21) | Non-completers (N = 11) | P-values | |
| Number of males (%) | 18 (56.25%) | 12 (57.14%) | 6 (54.55%) | 1.00 |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 35.75 (11.87) | 39.05 (11.93) | 29.45 (9.25) | 0.02* |
| Years of education, mean (SD) | 13.88 (2.96) | 14.33 (2.01) | 13.00 (4.22) | 0.34 |
| Full-scale intelligence quotient, mean (SD) | 118.25 (11.66) | 120.14 (10.08) | 114.64 (14.02) | 0.27 |
| Currently receiving medication, number (%) | 16 (50.00%) | 10 (47.62%) | 6 (54.55%) | 1.00 |
| Currently receiving other therapy, number (%) | 16 (50.00%) | 9 (42.86%) | 7 (63.64%) | 0.46 |
| Total ASRS score, mean (SD) | 46.97 (10.07) | 44.33 (8.91) | 52.00 (10.63) | 0.06 |
| Total WURS score, mean (SD) | 44.03 (19.44) | 40.05 (16.55) | 51.64 (22.97) | 0.16 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Mood disorders, ongoing. Number (%) | 5 (15.62%) | 2 (9.52%) | 3 (27.27%) | 0.37 |
| Mood disorders, previous. Number (%) | 28 (87.50%) | 16 (76.19%) | 12 (109.09%) | 0.38 |
| Anxiety disorders, ongoing. Number (%) | 26 (81.25%) | 18 (85.71%) | 8 (72.73%) | 0.39 |
| Anxiety disorders, previous. Number (%) | 16 (50.00%) | 11 (52.38%) | 5 (45.45%) | 0.93 |
| Alcohol or substance use disorders, previous. Number (%) | 8 (25.00%) | 6 (28.57%) | 2 (18.18%) | 0.07 |
| Antisocial personality disorder, ongoing. Number (%) | 4 (12.50%) | 3 (14.29%) | 1 (9.09%) | 1.00 |
| Other disorders, ongoing. Number (%) | 8 (25.00%) | 5 (23.81%) | 3 (27.27%) | 0.25 |
| Self-reported executive difficulties | ||||
| BRIEF-A GEC, mean (SD) | 147.03 (23.30) | 142.57 (24.01) | 155.55 (20.22) | 0.12 |
| CFQ, mean (SD) | 61.41 (13.34) | 58.33 (13.90) | 67.27 (10.89) | 0.06 |
| Emotion regulation | ||||
| Total score – DERS, mean (SD) | 97.91 (23.88) | 95.19 (25.02) | 103.09 (21.70) | 0.36 |
| Quality of life | ||||
| Total score – AAQoL, mean (SD) | 49.89 (14.24) | 54.19 (14.21) | 41.69 (10.57) | 0.01** |
| Executive functions | ||||
| Letter Number Sequencing, mean (SD) | 19.38 (2.62) | 19.57 (2.71) | 19.00 (2.53) | 0.56 |
| Scaled scores, mean (SD) | 10.41 (1.70) | 10.62 (1.77) | 10.00 (1.55) | 0.36 |
| Spatial span, mean (SD) | 15.90 (2.72) | 16.08 (2.82) | 15.55 (2.62) | 0.60 |
| Scaled scores, mean (SD) | 10.25 (2.33 | 10.57 (2.29) | 9.64 (2.38) | 0.32 |
| CWIT. Condition 3 completion time, mean (SD) | 55.58 (13.86) | 54.26 (15.42) | 58.09 (10.44) | 0.41 |
| Scaled scores, mean (SD) | 9.69 (3.33) | 10.19 (3.56) | 8.73 (2.72) | 0.19 |
| CWIT. Condition 4 completion time, mean (SD) | 62.47 (10.44) | 61.19 (11.31) | 64.91 (8.49) | 0.31 |
| Scaled scores, mean (SD) | 9.47 (2.30) | 9.86 (2.43) | 8.73 (1.90) | 0.08 |
| CWIT. Total errors conditions 3 and 4, mean (SD) [N = 31/21/10] | 2.21 (2.15) | 2.02 (1.97) | 2.60 (2.55) | 0.54 |
| TMT. Condition 4 Completion time, mean (SD) | 70.98 (26.88) | 69.97 (29.20) | 72.91 (23.00) | 0.76 |
| Scaled scores, mean (SD) | 10.38 (2.99) | 10.67 (3.04) | 9.82 (2.96) | 0.56 |
| TMT. Condition 4 Total errors, mean (SD) | 0.75 (0.80) | 0.86 (0.91) | 0.55 (0.52) | 0.23 |
| Tower task. Total achievement, mean (SD) | 19.36 (4.02) | 19.12 (4.51) | 19.82 (3.03) | 0.61 |
| Scaled scores, mean (SD) | 11.69 (2.76) | 11.62 (3.06) | 11.82 (2.23) | 0.53 |
| Hotel task [N = 31/21/10] | ||||
| Total time deviation. Mean (SD) | 342.26 (230.25) | 330.96 (216.66) | 366.00 (267.36) | 0.72 |
| Tasks attempted. Mean (SD) | 4.71 (0.82) | 4.71 (0.78) | 4.70 (0.95) | |
| Total score, garage. Mean (SD) | 6.51 (2.05) | 6.65 (2.11) | 6.21 (2.01) | 0.58 |
Full-scale intelligence quotient based on two subtests of the Wechsler Abbreviated scale of intelligence. ASRS, Adult ADHD Symptom Rating Scale; WURS, Wender-Utah Rating Scale for ADHD, other disorders include body dysmorphic disorder, bulimia nervosa, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. BRIEF-A GEC, Global Executive Composite from the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; CFQ, Cognitive Failures Questionnaire; DERS, Dysregulation of Emotion Rating Scale; AAQoL, Adult ADHD Quality of Life inventory, Letter Number Sequencing from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – 4th edition, Spatial span from the Wechsler Memory Scale – 3rd edition. CWIT, Color-Word Interference Test; TMT, Trail Making Test, these and the Tower all from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. Reported scaled scores have a normative mean of 10 and SDs of 3 for all reported measures (Delis et al., 2001; Wechsler, 2008b, a). P-values for continuous variables based on Welch’s two sample t-test, p-values for discrete variables based on Pearson’s Chi-squared test.
*p < 0.05,
**p < 0.01.