Figure 2.

PA model with standardized parameters. The double-headed curved arrow implies the covariance between the variance terms of the exogenous variables, which are, in this case, science utility and science interest. The right-to-left arrows and associated figures in circles pointing toward science interest and utility are variance terms, which are estimated as 1, implying that the model did not explain the variances of these variables. The remaining three variables (i.e., science self-efficacy, science identity, and science achievement) are endogenous. The right-to-left arrows and associated figures in circles pointing toward these three variables are the residuals/unexplained variance terms of the endogenous variables due to error and other unmodeled variables. ^***p < 0.001.