Table 4.

PA directs effects estimates for the subgroups derived from the SEM tree.

Description	Males ( n = 7,284)		Female ( n = 7,531)
	Low SES (n = 3,978)	High SES (n = 3,306)	Low SES (n = 5,230)	High SES (n = 2,301)
Direct paths
Path a = Science interest → Science self-efficacy	0.37***	0.40***	0.48***	0.39***
Path c = Science utility → Science self-efficacy	0.26***	0.15***	0.18***	0.17***
Path e = Science self-efficacy → Science identity	0.32***	0.34***	0.30***	0.29***
Path b = Science interest → Science identity	0.21***	0.25***	0.26***	0.23***
Path d = Science utility → Science identity	0.15***	0.18***	0.17***	0.20***
Path f = Self-Efficacy → Science achievement	0.16***	0.13***	0.14***	0.13***
Path g = Science identity → Science achievement	0.09***	0.13***	0.06***	0.07***

^***p < 0.001.