Table 1.
Comparison (Mann–Whitney U test or Chi Square test for gender and chronotype) between healthy control and insomnia patients in scores’ questionnaire.
| Baseline indices (mean±SD) | Healty controls | Insomnia patients | Z or χ2 | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender |
F =63% M=37% |
F =51.9% M=48.1% |
0.68* | 0.409 |
| Age | 33.00±13.77 | 46.37±13.67 | −2.89 | <0.001 |
| ESS | 6.44±3.23 | 4.41±3.17 | −1.54 | 0.119 |
| ISI | 4.59±2.86 | 14.67±4.67 | −5.88 | <0.001 |
| DBAS | 51.52±21.07 | 91.41±17.25 | −5.56 | <0.001 |
| Circadian typology (MEQ) | Morning-type: 3.7% | Morning-type: 14.8% | ||
| Intermediate-type: 74.1% | Intermediate-type: 66.7% | |||
| Evening-type: 22.2% | Evening-type: 18.5% | 1.99* | 0.368 | |
| BDI-I | 8.37±7.22 | 11.04±5.20 | −2.32 | <0.05 |
| PSS | 17.19±5.23 | 18.00±4.72 | −0.77 | 0.231 |
| STAI Y-1 | 42.48±8.28 | 43.48±10.52 | −0.29 | 0.605 |
| STAI Y-2 | 42.37±7.61 | 44.19±8.59 | −0.77 | 0.130 |
| MCQ-I | 105.63±20.52 | 138.11±26.23 | −4.35 | <0.001 |
| GHQ | 15.93±3.06 | 17.22±4.63 | −0.93 | 0.171 |
SD, standard deviation; ESS, Epworth sleepiness scale; ISI, insomnia severity index; DBAS (16 item), dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep; MEQ-SA, morningness-eveningness questionnaire self-assessment; BDI-I, beck’s depression inventory for insomnia; PSS, perceived stress scale; STAI (Form Y-1 and Y-2), state– trait anxiety inventory; MCQ-I, metacognition insomnia questionnaire; and GHQ, general health questionnaire.
*
χ2.