TABLE 2.

Psycho-attitudinal traits of different user types.

User type responses	Below average users (hypo-connected antagonists)	Average users (balanced majority)	Heavy users (hyper-connected enthusiasts)	Excessive users (Indulgent zealots)
Most used apps	Social networking; news and informational browsing	Social networking; news and informational browsing; video-sharing services; music; shopping	Social networking; news and informational browsing; video-sharing services; music; shopping; entertainment	Social networking; news and informational browsing; video-sharing services; music; shopping; entertainment; gaming; live streaming
Bedtime and Wake-up Use	20–30 min before bed; 5–20 min after wake-up	30-60 min before bed; 10-20 min after wake-up	0.5-1.5 h before bed; 10-20 min after wake-up	0.5 – 2 h before bed; 10-30 min after wake-up
Phone out of sight	Feel calm (50%); Lose sense of safety (50%)	Feel uneasy, anxious or unsafe (73%);	Feel disconnected, insecure Cannot concentrate; Don’t feel myself (85%)	Feel anxious, a sense of loss, agitated (100%)
Think about the smartphone during class	Sometimes (25%)	Often or sometimes (52.8%)	Often or sometimes (76.2%)	Often or sometimes (77.8%)
Phubbing	Occasionally (25%)	Sometimes or often (51%)	Sometimes or often (75%)	Sometimes or often (78%)
When leaving smartphone behind	Feel unsafe (50%); Feel just fine or even happy (50%); Must go back and get it (25%)	Feel agitated, unsafe, antsy, bored (81%); Must return and find it (65%)	Feel edgy, bored, unfocused, isolated (95%); Must go back and get it back (45%)	Feel uneasy, disconnected from the world (89%); Must go back to pick it up before doing anything else (89%)
Worry about smartphone time and tried to reduce	Yes (25%)	Yes (51.4%)	Yes (38.1%)	Yes (77.8%)