Table 3.
Adjusted Odds Ratios (95% CI) for Secondary Bacterial Infections in (3a) COVID-19 versus controls and in (3b) COVID-19 Versus Influenza
Table 3a. COVID-19 Versus Controls
| Independent Variable | IVAC, aOR (95% CI) | PVAP,aOR (95% CI) | BSI,aOR (95% CI) | Enterococcus BSI,aOR (95% CI) | CAUTI,aOR (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 | 4.73 (1.70–13.86)b | 10.40 (2.08–52.09) | 1.01 (0.56–1.81) | 3.75 (1.49–9.41) | 0.85 (0.18–3.94) |
| Age, per year | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| Sex, male | 1.10 (0.51–2.36) | 1.23 (0.27–5.62) | 1.33 (1.07–1.67) | 1.01 (0.56–1.81) | 0.28 (0.14–0.59) |
| Race or ethnicity | |||||
| Black | 1.50 (0.45–4.97) | 2.25 (0.20–24.88) | 0.96 (0.65–1.43) | 1.44 (0.57–3.59) | 1.57 (0.52–4.71) |
| Asian | 1.53 (0.62–3.79) | 1.81 (0.28–11.61) | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) | 0.73 (0.31–1.73) | 1.31 (0.57–2.98) |
| Hispanic/Latino | 0.66 (0.23–1.92) | 1.30 (0.21–8.29) | 0.87 (0.63–1.21) | 1.23 (0.58–2.60) | 1.52 (0.66–3.47) |
| Baseline IC | 0.54 (0.23–1.92) | 0.14 (0.01–1.42) | 0.92 (0.73–1.17) | 1.30 (0.71–2.41) | 1.90 (0.98–3.69) |
| IS meds | 1.27 (0.57–2.81) | 1.36 (0.31–5.99) | 0.65 (0.50–0.83) | 0.65 (0.34–1.22) | 3.45 (1.53–7.79) |
| ALC<500 | 1.26 (0.52–3.02) | 1.97 (0.41–9.53) | 2.01 (1.56–2.58) | 1.61 (0.81–3.18) | 0.90 (0.41–1.99) |
| LOS, per day | 1.00 (0.98–1.04) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) |
| Central-line days, per day | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) |
| Ventilator days, per day | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | 0.91 (0.88–0.93) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) |
| No. of blood cultures | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) | 1.58 (1.51–1.66) | 1.27 (1.18–1.37) | 1.06 (0.98–1.16) |
| Antibiotic days, per day | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) |
| SOFA | 1.19 (1.08–1.32) | 1.33 (1.11–1.60) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | 1.09 (1.00–1.20) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) |
Note. CI, confidence interval; IVAC, infection-related ventilator-associated complications; PVAP, probable ventilator-associated pneumonia; BSI, bloodstream infection; CAUTI, catheter-associated urinary tract infection; IC, immunocompromised; IS meds, immunosuppressive medications; ALC<500, absolute lymphocyte count <500 cells/μL at least once during encounter; LOS, length of stay; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score.
Urinary catheter days were included as a covariate for the CAUTI outcome only; aOR, 1.06 (1.03–1.09).
Covariates significant in the model are in bold.