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Schematic illustration of the hypothetical mechanism controlling gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generation in mammals. Neurokinin B initiates and/or accelerates synchronized KNDy neuronal activity via stimulatory Gq-coupled NK3 receptors to release kisspeptin that stimulates GnRH release via stimulatory Gq-coupled GPR54 expressed in GnRH neurons. Dynorphin A released from KNDy neurons then terminates KNDy neuronal activity via inhibitory Gi-coupled κ-opioid receptors.
