Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data of all participants.
| T2DM ( n = 20) | HC ( n = 20) | Statistics (t/Z/Fisher) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General and clinical data | ||||
| Age | 36.45 ± 3.72 | 34.05 ± 4.78 | 1.771 | 0.085 |
| Gender | 14/6 | 7/13 | 0.056 | |
| Education | 12 (9, 14.75) | 15.5 (12, 16) | −1.811 | 0.070 |
| BMI | 25.41 ± 3.20 | 21.91 ± 2.32 | 3.959 | 0.000* |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 120.1 ± 16.46 | 115.6 ± 13.34 | 0.950 | 0.348 |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 84.2 ± 8.23 | 79.5 ± 6.87 | 2.148 | 0.038* |
| Diabetes duration | 3.79 ± 0.84 | N/A | N.A | N/A |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.80 ± 2.09 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 9.67 ± 3.62 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| FINS (μIU/ml) | 16.25 ± 16.93 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| TG (mmol/L) | 3.21 ± 2.98 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.11 ± 1.13 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.19 ± 1.23 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| UACR (mg/g) | 5.77 (3.55, 8.43) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Cognitive tests | ||||
| MoCA-B | 27 (25.25, 28.75) | 28 (26.25, 29.75) | −1.546 | 0.122 |
| AVLT immediate | 24.7 ± 4.14 | 26.9 ± 4.78 | −1.556 | 0.128 |
| AVLT (5 min) | 10.5 (7.25, 11) | 11 (9, 11.75) | −1.096 | 0.273 |
| AVLT (20 min) | 10 (7.25, 11) | 11 (9, 11.75) | −1.103 | 0.270 |
| AVLT recognition | 12 (9.75, 12) | 12 (12, 12) | −1.389 | 0.165 |
| TMT_A | 38 (30, 47.5) | 41 (32, 50.5) | −0.542 | 0.588 |
| TMT_B | 29 (26, 48.5) | 33 (26.25, 42.75) | −0.014 | 0.989 |
| GPT (R) | 67.5 (60.25, 71) | 60 (56, 65.75) | −2.006 | 0.045* |
| GPT (L) | 72.4 ± 15.15 | 72.2 ± 14.93 | 0.042 | 0.967 |
| SDT | 52.8 ± 10.15 | 61.9 ± 10.29 | −2.816 | 0.008* |
| DST forward | 8 (7.25, 9) | 8 (8, 9) | −0.071 | 0.944 |
| DST backward | 5 (5, 7) | 5.5 (4, 7.75) | −0.110 | 0.912 |
| Brain volume | ||||
| Gray matter volume | 656.85 ± 41.77 | 669.75 ± 66.60 | −0.733 | 0.468 |
| White matter volume | 543.71 ± 48.01 | 550.34 ± 64.41 | −0.369 | 0.714 |
| Cerebrospinal fluid volume | 242.01 ± 31.32 | 213.20 ± 30.59 | 2.942 | 0.006* |
| Total intracranial volume | 1,442.57 ± 104.04 | 1,433.29 ± 146.63 | 0.231 | 0.819 |
Two-sample t-tests for normalized data, Mann–Whitney tests for non-normalized data, and Fisher's exact tests for sex.
*
p < 0.05. N/A, not applicable.
T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HC, healthy control; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FBG, fasting blood glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; UACR, urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; AVLT, auditory verbal learning test; TMT, trail making test; GPT, grooved pegboard test; SDT, symbol digit test; DST, the digital span test.