TABLE 10.
Statistics and results of alpha neurofeedback protocols with younger adults
| Measure | EEG | Behavioral | Training effect on NFT group | NFT success | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Training × group interaction | Training effect on NFT group | Measure | Training × group interaction | ||||
| Berger and Davelaar (2018) | fpAlpha learning scores | mixedF = 7.97, p = .010, d = 1.20 | F = 4.35, p = .042, R 2 = 0.06 | Gratton Effect, ACC | mixedF =5.17, p = .035, d = 0.97 | 2t_pairedt= 2.33, p = .045, d = 0.70 | Successful |
| Gratton Effect, RT | NS (NR) | NA (NT) | |||||
| Escolano et al. (2011) | poUpper Alpha, resting state | NA (NT) | 2t_pairedt = 3.79, p = .006, d = 1.55 | Conceptual Span, ACC | NA (NT) | 2t_pairedt= 2.34, p = .044, d = 0.74 | Not Successful |
| poUpper Alpha, active tasks | NA (NT) | 2t_pairedt = 3.87, p = .006, d = 1.58 | |||||
| Escolano et al. (2014) | poUpper Alpha, resting state | mixedF= 3.84, p = .801, d = 0.90 | 2t_pairedt = 3.97, p = .003, d = 1.26 | TMT‐B | mixedF = 4.51, p = .049, d = 0.97 | 2t_pairedt = 4.26, p = .002, d = 1.35 | Partially successful |
| PASAT, ACC | NS (NR) | 2t_pairedt = 3.05, p = .014, d = 0.96 | |||||
| PASAT, RT | NS (NR) | 2t_pairedt = 5.28, p < .001, d = 1.67 | |||||
| RAVLT, ACC | NS (NR) | 2t_pairedt = 2.59, p = .029, d = 0.82 | |||||
| Gordon et al. (2020) | ind_pUpper Alpha, NFT versus silent control | mixedF = 0.07, p = .801, d = 0.07 | NA (NT) | WM | mixedF= 0.102, p = .749, d = 0.10 | NA (NT) | Not successful |
| ind_pUpper Alpha, NFT versus active control | mixedF = 0.30, p = .583, d = 0.14 | NA (NT) | |||||
| Hsueh et al. (2016) | Alpha | mixedF = 7.05, p < .001, d = 0.75 | 2t_pairedt = NR, p < .05, d = NR | Backward Digit Span, ACC | mixedF = 0.43, p = .516, d = 0.19 | 2t_pairedt = 0.66, p = .516, d = 0.13 | Partially successful |
| Operation Span, ACC | mixedF = 1.13, p = .294, d = 0.30 | 2t_pairedt = 1.06, p = .294, d = 0.21 | |||||
| Naas et al. (2019) | ind_poUpper Alpha | mixedF = 0.58, p = .363, d = 0.27 | 2t_pairedt = 2.63, p = .018, d = 0.64 | Digit Span, ACC | mixedF = 1.24, p = .280, d = 0.39 | 2t_pairedt = 1.85, p = .083, d = 0.45 | Not successful |
| Pei et al. (2018) | Alpha | NA (NT) | 2t_pairedt = 2.91, p = .017, d = 0.92 | Backward Digit Span, ACC | NA (NT) | 2t_pairedt = 4.28, p = .002, d = 1.35 | Not successful |
| Wei et al. (2017) | Alpha power ratio | mixedF = 8.35, p < .001, d = 1.06 | 2t_pairedt = NR, p < .05, d = NR | Backward Digit Span, ACC | mixedF = 3.31, p = .079, d = 0.66 | 2t_pairedt = NR, p < .05, d = NR | Partially successful |
Bold text indicates significant results; italic text indicates results that were not reported in the original article but could be estimated from available data; underlined text indicates reported results that we transformed for the sake of homogeneity.
Abbreviations: fpAlpha, fronto‐parietal alpha; ind_pUpper Alpha, individual parietal upper alpha; ind_poUpper Alpha, individual parieto‐occipital upper alpha; NA, not available; NFT, neurofeedback training; NR, not reported; NS, not significant; NT, not tested; PASAT, paced auditory serial addition task; poUpper Alpha, parieto‐occipital upper alpha; RAVLT, Rey auditory verbal learning test; TMT‐B, trail making test part B; WM, working memory.