TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study sample at study entry
| NGT (n = 893) | GDM‐IFH (n = 67) | GDM‐IPH (n = 83) | GDM‐CH (n = 44) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 31.5 ± 5.8 | 32.0 ± 5.5 | 33.1 ± 5.3* | 33.3 ± 6.0 |
| Parity (≥1) | 541 (60.6) | 50 (74.6) | 55 (66.3) | 28 (63.6) |
| GDM in previous pregnancy | 52 (5.8) | 16 (23.9)* | 20 (24.1)* | 14 (31.8)* |
| Ethnicity (non‐Caucasian) | 184 (20.6) | 20 (29.9) | 18 (21.7) | 18 (40.9)* |
| BMI, before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 5.2 | 27.7 ± 5.5* | 25.4 ± 4.8† | 28.6 ± 6.3*, § |
| Family history of diabetes | 386 (43.2) | 32 (47.8) | 56 (67.5)* | 31 (70.5)* |
| Multiple pregnancy | 107 (12.0) | 8 (11.9) | 9 (10.8) | 1 (2.3) |
| Triglycerides, early pregnancy (mg/dL) | 114 ± 44.2 | 126 ± 43.2 | 139 ± 55.1* | 144 ± 47.6* |
| Total cholesterol, early pregnancy (mg/dL) | 188 ± 35.0 | 187 ± 32.6 | 196 ± 37.5 | 185 ± 36.2 |
| LDL cholesterol, early pregnancy (mg/dL) | 94.1 ± 27.9 | 99.7 ± 27.1 | 96.1 ± 29.4 | 93.8 ± 28.0 |
| HDL cholesterol, early pregnancy (mg/dL) | 71.1 ± 16.1 | 62.3 ± 12.5* | 71.9 ± 16.5† | 62.3 ± 12.3*, § |
| FPG, early pregnancy (mg/dL) | 80.6 ± 5.8 | 86.5 ± 5.7* | 82.5 ± 7.0*, † | 87.7 ± 7.4*, § |
| HbA1c, early pregnancy (%) | 4.95 ± 0.29 | 5.09 ± 0.25* | 5.07 ± 0.29* | 5.24 ± 0.31*, § |
| HbA1c, early pregnancy (mmol/mol) | 30.6 ± 3.2 | 32.1 ± 2.8* | 31.9 ± 3.2* | 33.7 ± 3.4*, § |
| Fasting insulin, early pregnancy (µU/mL) | 7.5 (5.3‐10.7) | 11.3 (7.2‐15.7)* | 9.5 (6.2‐12.9)* | 13.6 (10.0‐18.1)*, § |
| Fasting C‐Peptide, early pregnancy (ng/mL) | 1.50 (1.2‐1.9) | 1.9 (1.5‐2.5)* | 1.8 (1.4‐2.2)* | 2.3 (2.1‐2.9)*, †, § |
| HOMA‐IR, early pregnancy (dimensionless) | 1.46 (1.00‐2.16) | 2.37 (1.53‐3.40)* | 1.93 (1.17‐2.87)* | 3.06 (2.08‐4.06)*, § |
| QUICKI‐I, early pregnancy (dimensionless) × 102 | 36.2 ± 3.4 | 34.1 ± 3.1* | 35.2 ± 3.4* | 32.7 ± 2.6*, § |
| QUICKI‐CP, early pregnancy (dimensionless) × 102 | 48.0 ± 3.8 | 45.3 ± 3.5* | 46.5 ± 3.8* | 43.4 ± 2.9*, § |
| IGI, early pregnancy (ng/mg) | 2.04 ± 0.75 | 2.37 ± 0.83* | 2.26 ± 0.76* | 2.77 ± 0.70*, †, § |
| DI, early pregnancy (ng/mg (µU/mL)−1) × 102 | 24.7 (20.7‐31.0) | 21.1 (17.6‐25.7)* | 22.9 (19.2‐28.8) | 19.2 (16.1‐23.7)*, § |
Data are mean ± SD or median (IQR) and count (%) for women remaining normal glucose tolerant (NGT) vs patients developing gestational diabetes (GDM) with impaired fasting plasma glucose (IFH), impaired post‐load glucose (IPH) or both (CH).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DI, disposition index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IGI, insulinogenic index; QUICKI‐CP, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from C‐peptide; QUICKI‐I, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index from insulin.
*
P < .05 vs NGT.
†
P < .05 vs GDM‐IFH.
§
P < .05 vs GDM‐IPH.