Table 1. Overdose Deaths Involving Psychostimulants Other Than Cocaine and Methamphetamine Use, Use Disorder, Injection, and Frequent Use Among US Adults Aged 18 to 64 Years.
| Variable | Year | P for trenda | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||
| Overdose deaths involving psychostimulants other than cocaine, No.b | ||||||
| Overall | 5526 | 7301 | 10 029 | 12 203 | 15 489 | <.001 |
| With opioids | 2306 | 3345 | 5114 | 6269 | 8438 | <.001 |
| Without opioids | 3220 | 3956 | 4915 | 5934 | 7051 | <.001 |
| With cocaine | 370 | 690 | 1116 | 1433 | 1772 | .007 |
| Without cocaine | 5156 | 6662 | 8913 | 10 770 | 13 717 | <.001 |
| Without opioids or cocaine | 3102 | 3765 | 4665 | 5609 | 6698 | <.001 |
| Methamphetamine use, MUD, and methamphetamine injection, No. (95% CI), thousandsc | ||||||
| Any methamphetamine use | 1612 (1394-1829)d | 1381 (1193-1568)d | 1675 (1446-1903) | 1858 (1561-2155) | 1971 (1660-2282) | .002 |
| MUD | 741 (578-905)d | 672 (539-805)d | 965 (799-1132) | 1036 (809-1263) | 1091 (816-1365) | .003 |
| Injection | 321 (224-418) | 388 (277-498) | 472 (352-591) | 422 (303-541) | 365 (257-473) | .07e |
| MUD without injection | 549 (417-682) | 397 (299-496)d | 647 (502-792) | 730 (548-912) | 815 (598-1033) | .006 |
| Methamphetamine use without MUD or injection | 742 (631-852) | 596 (460-732) | 556 (428-684)d | 706 (540-871) | 790 (613-968) | .01e |
| Methamphetamine use and opioid misuse | 696 (556-836) | 696 (562-831) | 751 (606-896) | 881 (691-1072) | 865 (653-1077) | .03 |
| Methamphetamine use without opioid misuse | 916 (760-1071) | 685 (534-835)d | 924 (731-1116) | 977 (761-1192) | 1106 (895-1317) | .02 |
| Methamphetamine use and cocaine use | 402 (306-499)d | 420 (297-543)d | 565 (439-691) | 656 (500-813) | 645 (477-813) | .001 |
| Methamphetamine use without cocaine use | 1210 (1015-1404) | 961 (810-1112)d | 1109 (928-1291) | 1202 (977-1426) | 1326 (1100-1552) | .054e |
| Methamphetamine use without opioid misuse or cocaine use | 766 (622-911) | 527 (404-651)d | 674 (511-837) | 708 (533-883) | 833 (668-997) | .005e |
| Frequent (≥100 d in past 12 mo) methamphetamine use, No. (95% CI), thousandsc | ||||||
| Among adults with any methamphetamine use | 649 (551-747)d | 615 (512-717)d | 716 (584-848)d | 837 (705-968) | 1021 (860-1183) | .002 |
| Among adults with methamphetamine use but without MUD or injection | 157 (96-219)d | 196 (115-276) | 180 (117-244) | 251 (155-347) | 327 (235-419) | .01 |
| Among adults with MUD but without injection | 344 (286-402) | 203 (144-262)d | 271 (190-353)d | 373 (312-434) | 455 (365-544) | .02e |
| Among adults with injection regardless of MUD | 148 (97-199) | 216 (156-276) | 264 (210-318) | 213 (144-282) | 240 (195-284) | .15 |
Abbreviations: MUD, methamphetamine use disorder; NSDUH, National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
P values were calculated for linear trends (except where noted). Linear, quadratic, cubic, and quartic trends were tested, and neither a cubic trend nor a quartic trend was found in the measures used.
Data source: the 2015 to 2019 National Vital Statistics System Multiple Cause of Death files. Deaths may involve other drugs in addition to the referent drug, drugs involving more than 1 drug are counted in more than 1 total, and each estimate was statistically significantly different from the corresponding 2019 estimate (P < .001).
Data sources: the 2015 to 2019 NSDUH.4
The estimate was statistically significantly different from the corresponding 2019 estimate (P < .05).
P values were calculated for quadratic trends.