Table E2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 exposed and positive patients by EGID status
| Characteristic | EGID |
Matched† controls (non-EGID) |
Overall non-EGID population |
P value‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%∗) | n (%∗) | n (%∗) | ||
| Total | 432 | 1728 | 484,417 | |
| Age median [Q1-Q3] | 40 [17-59] | 40 [19-60] | 48 [28-65] | .50§ |
| Age categorized | .39 | |||
| <18 | 113 (26.2) | 401 (23.2) | 55,199 (11.4) | |
| 18-29 | 60 (13.9) | 256 (14.8) | 73,624 (15.2) | |
| 30-44 | 65 (15.0) | 314 (18.2) | 95,000 (19.6) | |
| 45-59 | 88 (20.4) | 306 (17.7) | 99,871 (20.6) | |
| 60-74 | 69 (16.0) | 302 (17.5) | 93,721 (19.3) | |
| ≥75 | 37 (8.6) | 149 (8.6) | 67,002 (13.8) | |
| Female | 206 (47.7) | 808 (46.8) | 260,075 (53.7) | .77 |
| Race and Ethnicity | .93 | |||
| White | 274 (63.4) | 1124 (65.0) | 197,102 (40.7) | |
| Black | 41 (9.5) | 156 (9.0) | 70,241 (14.5) | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 90 (20.8) | 348 (20.1) | 170,212 (35.1) | |
| Other | 27 (6.2) | 100 (5.8) | 46,862 (9.7) | |
| Insurance | .90 | |||
| Private | 148 (34.3) | 601 (34.8) | 160,614 (33.2) | |
| Medicaid | 64 (14.8) | 238 (13.8) | 71,924 (14.8) | |
| Medicare | 82 (19.0) | 349 (20.2) | 91,071 (18.8) | |
| Other | 138 (31.9) | 540 (31.2) | 160,808 (33.2) | |
| Region | .92 | |||
| Midwest | 137 (31.7) | 568 (32.9) | 114,530 (23.6) | |
| Northeast | 100 (23.1) | 406 (23.5) | 50,273 (10.4) | |
| Southeast | 67 (15.5) | 270 (15.6) | 153,269 (31.6) | |
| West | 128 (29.6) | 484 (28.0) | 166,345 (34.3) | |
| Comorbidities known to be associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 82 (19.0) | 349 (20.2) | 109,508 (22.6) | .62 |
| Hypertension | 190 (44.0) | 761 (44.0) | 203,719 (42.1) | >.99 |
| Obesity | 104 (24.1) | 412 (23.8) | 73,339 (15.1) | .97 |
| Coronary artery disease | 56 (13.0) | 244 (14.1) | 41,405 (8.5) | .59 |
| Heart failure | 47 (10.9) | 189 (10.9) | 53,425 (11.0) | >.99 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 84 (19.4) | 309 (17.9) | 69,238 (14.3) | .49 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 56 (13.0) | 224 (13.0) | 57,805 (11.9) | >.99 |
| Eosinophilia | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
| Atopic conditions | ||||
| Asthma | 183 (42.4) | 725 (42.0) | 96,323 (19.9) | .92 |
| Allergic rhinitis | 44 (10.2) | 164 (9.5) | 9406 (1.9) | .73 |
| Atopic dermatitis | 68 (15.7) | 266 (15.4) | 27,786 (5.7) | .92 |
| IgE-mediated food allergy | 6 (1.4) | 23 (1.3) | 565 (0.1) | >.99 |
| Urticaria | 10 (2.3) | 33 (1.9) | 5730 (1.2) | .73 |
| Mast cell activation syndrome | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
| Symptom codes | ||||
| Dysphagia | 108 (25.0) | 75 (4.3) | 14,600 (3.0) | <.001 |
| Food impaction | 50 (11.6) | 2 (0.1) | 638 (0.1) | <.001‖ |
| Reflux/heartburn | 248 (57.4) | 394 (22.8) | 82,728 (17.1) | <.001 |
| Chest pain | 132 (30.6) | 363 (21.0) | 91,156 (18.8) | <.001 |
| Abdominal pain | 203 (47.0) | 411 (23.8) | 96,862 (20.0) | <.001 |
| Nausea/vomiting | 189 (43.8) | 391 (22.6) | 83,133 (17.2) | <.001 |
| Weight loss | 30 (6.9) | 29 (1.7) | 7089 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Failure to thrive | 88 (20.4) | 123 (7.1) | 19,944 (4.1) | <.001 |
| Maladaptive eating behavior | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.2) | 210 (0.0) | .60‖ |
| Feeding difficulties | 25 (5.8) | 27 (1.6) | 1647 (0.3) | <.001 |
| Procedures and complications | ||||
| Esophageal stricture | 70 (16.2) | 18 (1.0) | 3475 (0.7) | <.001 |
| Esophageal dilation | 31 (7.2) | 14 (0.8) | 1348 (0.3) | <.001 |
| Esophageal perforation | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 112 (0.0) | .2‖ |
| Type of EGID | ||||
| EoE | 318 (73.6) | NA | NA | NA |
| Eosinophilic gastritis | 75 (17.4) | NA | NA | NA |
| Eosinophilic gastroenteritis | 32 (7.4) | NA | NA | NA |
| Eosinophilic colitis | 24 (5.6) | NA | NA | NA |
| EGID medications | ||||
| Proton pump inhibitor | 39 (9.0) | 42 (2.4) | 7451 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Topical steroids | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 137 (0.0) | .04‖ |
| Enteral release budesonide | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | NA |
| Systemic steroids | 3 (0.7) | 12 (0.7) | 1795 (0.4) | >.99 |
| Montelukast | 4 (0.9) | 17 (1.0) | 1561 (0.3) | >.99 |
| Cromolyn | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
| 6MP (6-mercaptopurine) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 98 (0.0) | >.99‖ |
| Infliximab | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (0.0) | NA |
| Vedolizumab | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (0.0) | NA |
| Omalizumab | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 23 (0.0) | >.99‖ |
| Mepolizumab | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 15 (0.0) | >.99‖ |
| Reslizumab | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
| Benralizumab | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | NA |
| Dupilumab | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (0.0) | NA |
| Methotrexate | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.1) | 221 (0.0) | .18‖ |
| Tacrolimus | 2 (0.5) | 3 (0.2) | 243 (0.1) | .26‖ |
| Mycophenylate | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 76 (0.0) | NA |
EGID, Eosinophilic gastrotintestinal disease; EoE, eosinophilic esophagitis; NA, not available.
Bold values indicate statistical significance.
∗
Column percentages (except when otherwise noted).
†
Matching on age, gender, race and ethnicity, insurance, region, atopic conditions, comorbidities known to be associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes.
‡
χ2 test (except where otherwise noted) comparing EGID with matched controls.
§
Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
‖
Fisher’s exact test.