Table 1.
Childhood immunisation timeliness by health information source, maternal, child, socioeconomic, and geographic characteristics in Albania. Childhood immunisation timeliness among mothers of under-5-year-old children by health information source, maternal, child, socioeconomic, and geographic characteristics in Albania. Crude odds ratios were estimated via simple logistic regression and adjusted odds ratios were estimated via multivariable logistic regression
| Characteristics | Category | Mothers in each sub-group (N and %) |
Immunisation timeliness (% and 95% CI) |
Crude odds ratio | Adjusted odds ratio | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR a nd 95% CI | p-value (F-test) | AOR and 95% CI | p-value (t-test) | ||||
| Health information source | |||||||
| Internet/social media as main health information source | No | 1472 (69.6) | 80.3 (75.7, 84.2) | 1 | 0.022 | 1 | – |
| Yes | 641 (30.4) | 73.2 (67.6, 78.2) | 0.67 (0.48, 0.94) | 0.66 (0.47, 0.94) | 0.020 | ||
| Trusted source of information on vaccines | Healthcare workers | 2028 (95.9) | 78.9 (75.1, 82.3) | 1 | 0.139 | ||
| Traditional media | 31 (1.5) | 60.8 (23.0, 89.0) | 0.41 (0.08, 2.13) | ||||
| Internet /social media | 38 (1.8) | 64.0 (39.1, 83.2) | 0.48 (0.17, 1.36) | ||||
| Family, other | 16 (0.8) | 48.4 (16.3, 81.9) | 0.25 (0.05, 1.23) | ||||
| Maternal | |||||||
| Age at birth (years) | < 25 | 685 (32.4) | 79.9 (74.1, 84.6) | 1 | 0.494 | ||
| 25–29 | 753 (35.6) | 76.6 (71.3, 81.1) | 0.82 (0.56, 1.20) | ||||
| ≥30 | 675 (32.0) | 78.1 (72.5, 82.8) | 0.90 (0.60, 1.33) | ||||
| Education | Higher | 569 (26.9) | 74.3 (67.4, 80.1) | 1 | 0.032 | 1 | – |
| Secondary | 521 (24.7) | 81.5 (76.5, 85.7) | 1.53 (0.99, 2.35) | 0.94 (0.59, 1.52) | 0.811 | ||
| Primary | 998 (47.2) | 79.3 (74.8, 83.2) | 1.33 (0.92, 1.91) | 0.64 (0.38, 1.05) | 0.078 | ||
| No | 25 (1.2) | 48.0 (22.1, 75.1) | 0.32 (0.10, 0.99) | 0.14 (0.03, 0.67) | 0.014 | ||
| Marital status | Married/living with partner | 2113 (100) | 78.1 (74.3, 81.5) | NA | NA | ||
| Other - mother alone | 0 (0) | NA | NA | ||||
| Sex of household head | Male | 1799 (85.1) | 78.4 (75.1, 81.5) | 1 | 0.703 | ||
| Female | 314 (14.9) | 76.3 (62.5, 86.1) | 0.88 (0.46, 1.68) | ||||
| Child | |||||||
| Gender | Male | 1071 (50.7) | 76.4 (71.9, 80.4) | 1 | 0.114 | ||
| Female | 1042 (49.3) | 79.9 (75.5, 83.7) | 1.2 (0.95, 1.57) | ||||
| Birth order | First | 921 (43.6) | 7836 (74.2, 81.9) | 1 | 0.246 | ||
| Second | 791 (37.5) | 76.3 (71.3, 80.7) | 0.89 (0.70, 1.13) | ||||
| Third/more | 401 (19.0) | 81.3 (74.6, 85.5) | 1.20 (0.81, 1.80) | ||||
| Socioeconomic | |||||||
| Ethnicity | Albanian | 2032 (96.2) | 78.6 (74.7, 82.0) | 1 | 0.089 | ||
| Egyptian | 40 (1.9) | 78.7 (59.2, 90.4) | 1.01 (0.39, 2.64) | ||||
| Other (mostly Roma) | 41 (1.9) | 56.7 (34.6, 76.4) | 0.36 (0.14, 0.90) | ||||
| Religion | Muslim | 1763 (83.4) | 77.7 (73.4, 81.5) | 1 | 0.053 | ||
| Catholic | 210 (9.9) | 86.2 (77.3, 92.0) | 1.79 (0.94, 3.39) | ||||
| Other | 140 (6.6) | 71.2 (61.2, 79.5) | 0.71 (0.43, 1.16) | ||||
| Mother worked last 12 months | Not worked | 1383 (65.4) | 82.0 (78.5, 85.1) | 1 | 0.0001 | 1 | – |
| Worked / partly worked | 730 (34.6) | 70.8 (64.2, 76.6) | 0.53 (0.39, 0.72) | 0.65 (0.47, 0.91) | 0.013 | ||
| Household wealth | Poorest | 485 (22.9) | 80.1 (74.7, 84.7) | 1 | 0.471 | ||
| Poorer | 429 (20.3) | 80.4 (75.2, 84.9) | 1.02 (0.67, 1.55) | ||||
| Middle | 409 (19.4) | 79.9 (72.7, 85.6) | 0.99 (0.61, 1.60) | ||||
| Richer | 419 (19.8) | 74.9 (67.4, 81.1) | 0.74 (0.47, 1.16) | ||||
| Richest | 371 (17.6) | 74.6 (64.8, 82.3) | 0.73 (0.44, 1.21) | ||||
| Education of partner | Higher | 344 (16.3) | 68.6 (57.8, 77.7) | 1 | 0.065 | 1 | – |
| Secondary | 741 (35.1) | 79.5 (74.7, 83.5) | 1.77 (1.06, 2.95) | 1.60 (0.92, 2.78) | 0.093 | ||
| Primary | 998 (47.2) | 80.4 (75.8, 84.3) | 1.87 (1.18, 2.98) | 1.74 (0.93, 3.25) | 0.081 | ||
| No | 30 (1.4) | 78.7 (60.2, 90.1) | 1.69 (0.61, 4.69) | 2.58 (0.39, 17.04) | 0.324 | ||
| Partner worked last 12 months | Not worked/don’t know | 400 (18.8) | 85.6 (79.7, 90.1) | 1 | 0.012 | 1 | – |
| Worked/partly worked | 1726 (81.2) | 76.4 (72.0, 80.3) | 0.54 (0.34, 0.88) | 0.75 (0.45, 1.24) | 0.263 | ||
| Geographic | |||||||
| Area of residence | Urban | 1186 (56.1) | 76.2 (69.8, 81.5) | 1 | 0.158 | ||
| Rural | 927 (43.9) | 80.7 (77.4, 83.6) | 1.31 (0.90, 1.91) | ||||
| Prefecture | Tirane | 560 (26.5) | 71.1 (59.2, 80.6) | 1 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Berat | 102 (4.8) | 68.5 (58.3, 77.2) | 0.95 (0.49, 1.83) | ||||
| Diber | 124 (5.9) | 93.6 (89.0, 96.4) | 6.26 (2.97, 13.20) | ||||
| Durres | 241 (11.4) | 86.8 (79.3, 91.8) | 2.98 (1.45, 6.13) | ||||
| Elbasan | 238 (11.3) | 75.9 (67.0, 83.0) | 1.38 (0.72, 2.64) | ||||
| Fier | 225 (10.6) | 70.5 (62.0, 77.8) | 1.05 (0.57, 1.95) | ||||
| Gjirokaster | 42 (2.0) | 62.3 (49.2, 73.9) | 0.74 (0.36, 1.53) | ||||
| Korce | 154 (7.3) | 70.2 (58.5, 79.7) | 1.07 (0.53, 2.14) | ||||
| Kukes | 86 (4.1) | 88.7 (81.0, 93.6) | 3.61 (1.65, 7.89) | ||||
| Lezhe | 110 (5.2) | 88.5 (78.2, 94.3) | 3.40 (1.36, 8.49) | ||||
| Shkoder | 122 (5.8) | 91.6 (83.6, 95.9) | 4.97 (2.01, 12.25) | ||||
| Vlore | 109 (5.1) | 90.6 (83.3, 94.9) | 3.90 (1.78, 8.55) | ||||
| Region | AL01-Veri | 684 (32.4) | 89.4 (86.1, 92.0) | 1 | < 0.0001 | 1 | |
| AL02-Qender | 798 (37.8) | 72.5 (63.8, 79.8) | 0.31 (0.19, 0.52) | 0.38 (0.23, 0.63) | < 0.0001 | ||
| AL03-Jug | 631 (29.9) | 73.0 (68.4, 77.2) | 0.32 (0.22, 0.47) | 0.36 (0.24, 0.53) | < 0.0001 | ||