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. 2021 Sep 23;19:210. doi: 10.1186/s12915-021-01136-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6. — Multivariate space of canopy foraging species (excluding cavity nesters), for high (HA) and low (LA) abundance landscapes, respectively. Arrows identify the relative landscape variables used to build the PCA axis. Numbers on axis represent the variance explained by the principal components. High management intensity (HMI) and low management intensity (LMI) plots are determined by a hierarchical clustering on forest variables and visualized with 95% confidence ellipses, including the centroids. AI, aggregation index; CA, core area; CI, contiguity index; CFC, conifer forest cover; ED, edge density; ENN, Euclidean nearest neighbor; FC, forest cover; LSI, landscape shape index. From left to right, species are chiffchaff, European blackcap, firecrest, goldcrest, long-tailed tit